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Cited by 609Soft Robotics and ApplicationsNeuroscience and Neural EngineeringAdvanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials

Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics

Open access
Heng, Wenzheng, Solomon, Samuel, Gao, Wei·2022·Advanced Materials
DOI 10.1002/adma.202107902PMC PMC9035141
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Abstract

Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/adma.202107902

Cites

616 of 616 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

231 of 600 cited sources checked · 65 supported · 7 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Some resistive sensors analyze changes in contact resistance, such as the quantum tunneling effect.

    “Meanwhile, another resistive sensor may analyze the changes in the contact resistance, like the quantum tunneling effect (Figure 4A).[114,115]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [114] source

      The Abstract (page unavailable) describes contact-resistance sensing and Fowler–Nordheim quantum tunneling as distinct mechanisms, not tunneling as an example of contact resistance. The Fabrication and properties section (page unavailable) says the particles in its tunneling sensor cannot contact one another during compression. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [115] source
  • Premisecitation

    After preprocessing EMG data, artificial neural networks classified 17 hand gestures from 6 EMG electrodes with 83% accuracy.

    “By first preprocessing EMG data, ANNs were shown to classify 17 hand gestures from 6 EMG electrodes with an accuracy of 83%,[446]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [446] source

      The Data processing via ML technology section describes six channels of TENG sensor signals used to classify six gripped objects, not six EMG electrodes used to classify 17 hand gestures. It reports PCA followed by an SVM classifier and 97.1% accuracy, rather than an ANN and 83%. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

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  • Premisecitation

    In recent years, flexible implantable stimulators with various mechanisms including electrical, optogenetic, ultrasonic, and magnetic are being developed as non-pharmacological treatment options.

    “In recent years, profiting from the academic interest and deep exploration in neuroscience, flexible implantable stimulators with various mechanisms (electrical,[521–523] optogenetic,[524,525] ultrasonic,[526,527] magnetic[528]) are being developed as non-pharmacological treatment options.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [521] source
    • cites [522] source

      The Abstract and Introduction (pages not supplied) describe a flexible, implantable μLED probe developed for optogenetic neural stimulation. The Conclusion says its purpose is to study neural circuits; our copy does not describe the probe as a non-pharmacological treatment option. This citation supports the optogenetic-device example, but not the treatment framing. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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    • cites [523] source
    • cites [524] source
    • cites [525] source
    • cites [526] source

      Citation [528] is attached to the magnetic example. The Introduction calls the paper’s transcranial magnetic stimulation technique noninvasive, and Section II (Concept and Design) says its flexible coil conforms to the surface of the head. The paper therefore describes a flexible magnetic stimulator, but not an implantable one. Page numbers were not supplied in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [527] source
  • Premisecitation

    Subjects wearing a PI/Au-based stimulating and sensing hybrid platform attempted to control a robot hand to grip a bottle both with and without electro-tactile stimulation.

    “A representative example is that subjects wearing a PI/Au-based stimulating and sensing hybrid platform attempted to control a robot hand to grip a bottle both with and without electro-tactile stimulation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [599] source

      The Electrode development section describes a 3D-printed electrode coated with graphene ink, contrary to the claimed PI/Au platform. The Application demonstration section describes electrotactile stimulation and EMG/ECG recording, not subjects controlling a robot hand to grip a bottle with and without stimulation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

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  • Premisereasoning

    Optical stimulators for the spinal cord are generally flexible enough to be wraparound or wire-like.

    “Thus, optical stimulators for spinal cord are generally flexible enough to be wraparound or wire-like.[556,569–571]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [556] source

      The “EMG recordings and light stimulation” section (page not provided) describes delivering light to the exposed spinal cord through a fiber-optic cable, which supports a wire-like means of light delivery. It does not describe a wraparound stimulator or establish that spinal-cord optical stimulators are generally flexible enough to take either form. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [569] source

      The Results (Design and material properties of the soft neural cuff; page not provided) describe a flexible optical cuff that wraps around a peripheral nerve. The Discussion proposes adapting it into a small flexible probe for the spinal cord, but does not establish that spinal-cord optical stimulators are generally wraparound or wire-like. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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    • cites [570] source

      The paper describes a flexible filament implanted in the spinal epidural space, supporting the wire-like example. Its stretchable film appliqué is for a peripheral nerve, not a wraparound spinal-cord stimulator, and this device study does not establish that spinal stimulators are generally made in either form (Competing Financial Interests Statement; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.85)

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    • cites [571] source

      The Online Methods (Implant construction; page unavailable) describe the spinal stimulator as an LED attached directly to the bottom of a circuit board; the wire extension belongs to the brain and peripheral implants. The Surgical procedures section says the spinal implant was cemented over a hole in the vertebra, rather than wrapped around the cord or implanted as a flexible wire. (LLM, conf=0.80)

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  • May combine two claims. 191
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 137
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

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    Premisecitation

    The PN junction method has advantages of small size, fast response time, and good linearity.

    “The advantage of this method is its small size, fast response time, and good linearity.[106,217]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [106] source

      In the section on SiNR sensors (page unavailable), the paper describes the diode temperature sensors’ nonlinear characteristics as an advantage, contrary to the claimed advantage of good linearity. Its statement that sensors have a linear and fast response concerns SiNR strain gauges, not the p–n-junction temperature sensors; the cited passages also do not establish small size as an advantage of the junction method. (LLM, conf=0.79)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [217] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some locomotor system diseases cause abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson's disease and uric acid in gout.

    “Moreover, some diseases of the locomotor system provoke abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson’s disease[246–248] uric acid in gout,[45] which are very important evaluation factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [246] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes levodopa as a treatment for Parkinson’s disease, not as a metabolite or biomarker abnormally elevated by the disease. Searches for elevated L-dopa, biomarker concentrations, and related terms found no passage addressing that claim. The separate gout example is cited to another source, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [247] source

      The Levodopa Monitoring > Abstract passages describe L-dopa as a medication for Parkinson’s disease, not a biomarker elevated by the disease. The on-body study reports increased sweat L-dopa after fava-bean consumption and almost zero concentration without it. The gout example has a separate citation and is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

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    • cites [248] source

      The paper’s Abstract supports monitoring L-Dopa levels to guide Parkinson’s disease treatment. It does not support the claim that Parkinson’s disease itself causes L-Dopa to rise: the reported increase followed an oral L-Dopa tablet, and the measurements were made in healthy volunteers. Uric acid in gout is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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    • cites [45] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    2D porous materials facilitate sweat outflow and evaporation, are comfortable to wear, and cause little skin irritation.

    “Due to their breathability, these aforementioned 2D porous materials facilitate the outflow and evaporation of sweat and are not only comfortable to wear but also do not cause much skin irritation.[75]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [75] source

      The Results section (page unavailable) reports that the paper’s perforated e-skin lets sweat and vapor pass through and caused no skin irritation in a one-week forearm test. The Introduction describes its low mass as suitable for imperceptible wear. These findings support the claim for this specific e-skin, but not for 2D porous materials generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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    Premisecitation

    E-skin and soft robotics together can alleviate limited functionality, heavy weight, and poor aesthetic design.

    “Together, e-skin and soft robotics can therefore alleviate problems such as limited functionality,[37] heavy weight,[19] and poor aesthetic design.[31]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [37] source
    • cites [19] source
    • cites [31] source

      Citation [31] is attached to the aesthetic-design part of the sentence. The Prosthetic Hands and Fingers section describes robotic or bionic prostheses with life-like, aesthetically pleasing outer shells, supporting the possibility of improved appearance. It does not establish that e-skin and soft robotics together produce that improvement. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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    Premisecitation

    Coating hydrogels on electronics or mixing conductive materials such as CNTs, ionic liquids, or conductive polymers into the gel can maintain biocompatibility while preserving electronic properties.

    “Coating hydrogels on electronics[55] or mixing conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs),[56] ionic liquids,[57] or conductive polymers[58] into the gel can help maintain biocompatibility while also preserving the electronic properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [55] source
    • cites [56] source
    • cites [57] source

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    Premisecitation

    Hydrogels can reduce inflammatory response to foreign objects, regulate cell or protein attachment, and prevent device failure in vivo.

    “As a material whose features resemble water-rich tissue in the human body, hydrogels can greatly reduce the inflammatory response of foreign objects, regulate cell or protein attachment, and prevent device failure in vivo,[52] which is important for implants.[53,54]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [52] source

      The ‘Assessment of the foreign body response’ section (page not specified) reports a substantially reduced response to implanted hydrogel hybrid probes after 1, 3, and 6 months. The paper also reports stable recording performance in mice, but it does not establish that hydrogels generally prevent device failure in vivo. Its Discussion presents cell-adhesion enhancers as a possible future addition, not a demonstrated ability to regulate cell or protein attachment. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [53] source

      The paper’s introductory passage (indexed as Abstract; page unavailable) says hydrogels resemble human tissues and may serve as coatings for long-term bio-integration. Its discussion of device reliability concerns robust hydrogel–component interfaces under deformation, not prevention of failure in vivo. The copy does not report reduced foreign-body inflammation or regulation of cell or protein attachment. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [54] source

      The ‘Advancing the state of the art in implanted electrodes’ section says hydrogels or other soft coatings can help clear inflammatory factors, and that functionalized surface coatings can regulate cell or protein attachment (page unavailable). It does not say hydrogels greatly reduce inflammation or prevent device failure in vivo; its examples of attachment control include PEG and ECM coatings. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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    Premisecitation

    To replace rigid electronics, e-skin needs low mechanical modulus, aesthetic appearance, low cost, lightweight design, large-scale fabrication, self-healing, and thermal stability.

    “To make the replacement from current rigid electronics, e-skin requires a low mechanical modulus (high stretchability),[28–30] aesthetic appearance,[31] low-cost,[32] lightweight design,[29] large-scale fabrication techniques,[32] self-healing properties,[30] and be thermally stable.[29]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [28] source

      The Introduction (page not provided) contrasts low-modulus, compliant flexible electronics with bulky, rigid systems, and §2.2 identifies modulus and stretchability as important for skin contact. §2.5 describes an ultra-lightweight wearable device. The paper does not establish thermal stability as a requirement for e-skin; the citing sentence attaches this source to that point as well. Its other listed properties are assigned to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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    • cites [29] source
    • cites [30] source
    • cites [31] source

      The Introduction’s “Aesthetics” section says soft-tissue prostheses should look realistic and aesthetically pleasing. The cited paper discusses prosthetic materials, however, not aesthetic appearance as a requirement for e-skin replacing rigid electronics. In the citing sentence, this source appears attached only to “aesthetic appearance,” not to the other listed properties. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [32] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wearable robotics also have shortcomings including limited environmental feedback, limited power supply, and failure to autonomously respond appropriately to external stimuli.

    “Additional shortcomings include their limited environmental feedback, power supply, and failure to autonomously respond appropriately to external (possibly dangerous) stimuli.[24]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

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    Premisecitation

    3D flexible electronics maintain conductivity while gaining an extra dimension and more sophisticated functions than 2D electronics.

    “Notably, 3D flexible electronics maintain conductivity while gaining an extra dimension and thus more sophisticated functions that 2D electronics do not offer (Figure 3E and 3F).[70–72]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [70] source

      The ‘Route to morphable 3D mesostructures and electronics’ section (page unavailable) reports unchanged transistor characteristics after a 3D shape change, while its LED example shows that electrical connectivity can change with the assembly route. The ‘Morphable 3D radio frequency electronic devices’ section describes shape-dependent functions, including a circuit that switches between a filter and an inductor. These examples support retained electrical operation and added reconfigurable functions, but not the blanket claims that conductivity is always maintained or that 2D electronics cannot offer those functions. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [71] source

      In “Inspired by Wind-Dispersed Seeds” (page unavailable), the paper describes converting planar electronic precursors into 3D fliers and reports electrical properties consistent with devices made on planar wafers. It also demonstrates functional 3D fliers, but does not establish the broader claim that 3D flexible electronics offer more sophisticated functions unavailable to 2D electronics. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [72] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prosthetics can be controlled by neural electrophysiological signals and by mechanical signals such as gestures or body movements.

    “Prosthetics can be controlled by neural electrophysiological signals (will be further discussed in section 4) and mechanical signals such as gestures[189,190] or body movements.[191]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [189] source
    • cites [190] source

      The Results and Discussion section reports that sensors detecting finger bending and gestures transmitted signals to control a robotic hand. It does not identify that hand as a prosthesis. This citation is attached to the gesture-control part of the sentence, not the separate claims about neural signals or body movements; the gesture mechanism is supported, but its application to prosthetics is not established by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [191] source

      The Results section (“Wearable closed-loop HMI system”; page unavailable) shows that sensors detect shoulder and hand movements and use those signals to control a robotic hand. The paper calls it a robotic hand with prosthetic skin, not a prosthesis used by a person, so it supports movement-based control but not that application specifically. Citation [191] is attached to “body movements,” not to the separate claim about neural electrophysiological signals. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Capacitive sensors have excellent linearity with lower power consumption than resistive sensors.

    “Compared with resistive sensors, capacitive sensors have excellent linearity with lower power consumption.[119]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119] source

      The Results and Discussion (p. 5) state that the capacitive sensor had better linearity than the resistive sensor, and Figure 2 (p. 3) reports a linear capacitive response. Our copy does not report lower power consumption for the capacitive sensor; a search for power consumption found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Transparency based on polymers or nanomesh materials contributes to greater aesthetic properties of flexible devices.

    “Furthermore, the transparency based on polymers, or nanomesh materials, also contributes to greater aesthetic properties of flexible devices.[77,78]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [77] source
    • cites [78] source

      The Abstract and Introduction (pages not provided) describe transparent polymer-based elastomers for flexible electronics and explain that a lack of transparency hinders optical applications. They do not say transparency improves a device’s aesthetic properties or discuss nanomesh materials. (LLM, conf=0.83)

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Thermocouples generate a potential difference under temperature differences between different materials based on the Seebeck effect.

    “Thermocouples can generate a potential difference under different temperature between different materials based on the thermoelectric (Seebeck) phenomenon.[216]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In medical rehabilitation, temperature sensing is commonly used to monitor the body and can serve as a health reference.

    “In medical rehabilitation, temperature sensing is commonly used to monitor the body, which can be a reference for health.[225,226]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [225] source

      The Results section on continuous exercise monitoring describes axillary temperature as a marker of health and performance and demonstrates its measurement during exercise. The Discussion identifies rehabilitation as a possible application for full-body monitoring, but does not say temperature sensing is commonly used in rehabilitation. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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    • cites [226] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An organic active matrix with polymer PTC sensor pads fabricated on a PI substrate exhibits bending insensitivity and high spatial resolution.

    “For measuring spatial temperature gradients, an organic active matrix with polymer PTC sensor pads was fabricated on a PI substrate, which exhibits a bending insensitivity and high spatial resolution (Figure 7A and 7B).[103]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The human hand, as a heat source and sensor, can perceive heat dissipation ability for fluid flow rate sensing and identify thermal characteristics of surface materials.

    “As a heat source and sensor, the human hand can effectively perceive the heat dissipation ability for fluid flow rate sensing[223] and identifying the thermal characteristics of surface materials.[224]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [223] source
    • cites [224] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In PN junction temperature sensors, forward voltage varies with temperature, converting heat into electrical signals in diodes and transistors.

    “Whereas the forward voltage in PN junction temperature sensors can vary with temperature, converting the heat into electrical signals in the diodes and transistors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [106] source

      The ‘Characterization of SiNR temperature sensors’ section (page unavailable) describes p–n-diode sensors calibrated by plotting voltage at a fixed current against temperature. This supports the temperature-dependent voltage claim for diodes, but the cited passages do not establish it for transistors. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [217] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A robotic hand equipped with e-skin grabbed and measured the temperature of different cups.

    “Researchers demonstrated the sensor’s functions by using a robotic hand equipped with e-skin to grab and measure the temperature of different cups. (Figure 7D)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [222] source

      In “Intrinsically stretchable rubbery sensors for robotic skins” (pp. 5–6), the paper describes temperature sensors on a robotic hand touching hot and cold cups and records their responses. It says the hand touched the cups, but does not establish that it grabbed them. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Long-term body temperature monitoring with flexible temperature sensors is convenient and can effectively prevent medical abnormalities such as foot ulcers.

    “Long-term monitoring of body temperature by using flexible temperature sensors is convenient and can effectively prevent medical abnormalities such as foot ulcers.[227]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [227] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes wearable sensors intended to monitor body, skin, and ulcer temperature, and says a temperature rise can warn of ulcer onset. But the Introduction says continuous wearable ulcer-temperature monitoring was not yet available, while the Conclusion (page unavailable) says the sensors still needed clinical validation. The paper therefore does not establish that convenient long-term monitoring with these sensors effectively prevents foot ulcers. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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    Premisecitation

    Sweat detection can respond in real time to changes in sweat volume and rate and to concentrations of ions and metabolites.

    “Sweat detection can respond in real-time to changes in the volume and rate of sweat loss,[241,242] as well as the concentration of various ions and metabolites in the body.[45,243–245]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [241] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes real-time sweat-biomarker sensing, and the Results section on aquatic and dryland athletes reports measurements of sweat volume, rate, and chloride concentration. It does not demonstrate real-time measurement of changes in all these quantities: the Methods say volume and chloride readings were taken after exercise. The Results discuss metabolite testing as a potential application, not a demonstrated measurement. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [242] source
    • cites [45] source
    • cites [243] source
    • cites [244] source

      The Introduction describes real-time measurement of local sweat volume and rate, and the Results section on smartphone-based analysis describes measuring sweat volume and chloride concentration. The cited paper does not establish detection of various metabolites or measurement of ion and metabolite concentrations in the body; its demonstrated chemical measurement is sweat chloride. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [245] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adding chemical sensing to prostheses can prevent users from exposure to harmful chemicals and reduce potential harm.

    “Thus, adding chemical sensing capability to prostheses can prevent users from being exposed to harmful chemicals, such as organophosphate pesticide residues in agricultural products, and subsequently reduce the potential risk of harm.[239]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [239] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says organophosphate pesticide residues in agricultural products pose a health threat and that remote robotic sampling can avoid placing people in unsafe environments. The study equips robotic manipulators with chemical sensors, not prostheses worn by users, so it does not establish that adding sensing to prostheses prevents users’ exposure or reduces their risk of harm. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sweat sensing can monitor patient fatigue and support psychological applications by monitoring stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine.

    “In addition to monitoring patient fatigue, sweat sensing can also be used for psychological applications by monitoring the level of stress hormones such as cortisol and norepinephrine.[249,250]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [249] source

      The Introduction describes sensing cortisol in sweat for stress monitoring, and the Conclusion proposes applications in mental-health monitoring while noting that the study tested only physical stress stimuli. The cited paper does not support monitoring norepinephrine or patient fatigue. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [250] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chemical sensing is not sufficiently developed for prosthesis, but sweat chemical sensing is well-studied and highly relevant to rehabilitation exercises.

    “Although chemical sensing is not sufficiently developed for prosthesis, in the field of health monitoring, sweat chemical sensing (including electrochemical and optical modalities) is well-studied and highly relevant to rehabilitation exercises.[240]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [240] source

      The State-of-the-Art Wearable Sweat Sensors section (page unavailable) describes electrochemical and optical sweat sensing and its use in fitness and health monitoring. It does not assess whether chemical sensing is sufficiently developed for prostheses or establish that sweat sensing is highly relevant to rehabilitation exercises; its exercise discussion concerns fitness monitoring. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    With smartphone cameras, quantitative color measurement is highly attractive for in-home monitoring of optical sensors.

    “In recent years, with the popularity of smartphone cameras, the quantitative measurement of color is highly attractive for in-home monitoring of optical sensors.[237]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [237] source

      The Results (Hybrid, battery-free, skin-mounted system for sweat sensing; page unavailable) say a smartphone camera captures images for colorimetric analysis, and Materials and Methods (Data collection and analyses; page unavailable) describes using those images to determine sweat chloride and pH. The paper does not establish that smartphone-camera popularity makes quantitative color measurement attractive for in-home monitoring of optical sensors generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Motor intention originates from the primary motor cortex and is transmitted from the central to peripheral nervous system as electrophysiological signals, which are translated into mechanical muscle contractions.

    “Motor intention originates from the primary motor cortex of the brain and is transmitted from the central nervous system to the peripheral nervous system in the form of electrophysiological signals, which are translated into mechanical contractions of the muscles.[269]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [269] source

      The Abstract reports that the interface derived motor commands from neuronal activity in primary motor cortex (M1). It does not establish that motor intention originates there or describe signals traveling from the central to the peripheral nervous system and producing muscle contractions; the interface instead bypassed the body. No page number is provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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    Premisecitation

    E-skin can exhibit greater functionality than human skin, such as proximity and magnetic field sensing, complementing natural skin and allowing HMI devices to obtain richer environmental information.

    “Due to new sensing mechanisms, e-skin can exhibit greater functionality beyond the human skin, such as proximity[259,260] and magnetic field sensing,[261,262] which can be seen as complements to the natural skin capabilities, allowing HMI devices to obtain richer information about the external environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [259] source
    • cites [260] source
    • cites [261] source
    • cites [262] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PPG uses optical differences between vascular and other tissues or oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to measure heart rate, blood oxygen, and other cardiovascular information.

    “PPG uses optical differences between the vascular and other tissues or oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin to measure heart rate,[263] blood oxygen,[267] and other in-depth cardiovascular information.[268]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [263] source

      The citation [268] is attached to “other in-depth cardiovascular information.” In the Ultraflexible organic photodetectors section (page not specified), the paper says reflected light tracks blood-vessel volume pulsation, but it reports calculating pulse rate and does not identify other in-depth cardiovascular measurements. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [267] source
    • cites [268]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

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    Premisecitation

    Subcutaneous invasive electrophysiological signals can be obtained through brain interfaces, ECoG on the cortical surface, and LFPs from electrodes inserted into the cortex.

    “Subcutaneous invasive electrophysiological signals can be derived through brain interfaces,[270–272] using electrocorticography (ECoG)[273,274] on the cortical surface as well as local field potentials (LFP)[275,276] extracted from electrodes inserted into the cortex.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 7 sources checked
    • cites [270] source
    • cites [271] source
    • cites [272] source
    • cites [273] source
    • cites [274] source
    • cites [275] source
    • cites [276] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Common wearable techniques include EEG, sEMG, and EOG, which capture electrical activity of the brain, muscles, and eye movements respectively.

    “Common wearable techniques include electroencephalography (EEG),[281,282] surface electromyography (sEMG),[283,284] and electrooculography (EOG),[285] which capture the electrical activity of the brain, muscles, and eye movements respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [281] source
    • cites [282] source
    • cites [283]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [284]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [285] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECoG electrodes are generally placed on the cerebral cortex surface and can collect signals without penetrating tissue, with a larger recording area and relatively less brain damage.

    “In contrast, ECoG electrodes are generally placed on the surface of the cerebral cortex and can collect signals without penetrating the tissue, with a larger recording area with relatively less damage to the brain.[270]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [270] source

      The passage labeled Abstract describes ECoG as recording with subdural grid electrodes on the cortical surface, in contrast to electrodes placed in the brain for LFP recordings. This supports surface recording without penetrating brain tissue, but our copy does not establish a larger recording area or relatively less brain damage. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Wireless transmission of data and energy for flexible implants can reduce messy wires and improve user mobility and social interaction.

    “Recently, there has been a focus on wireless transmission of data and energy for flexible implants, which can reduce messy wires and improve user mobility and social interaction.[325]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [325] source

      The “Limitations of tethered systems” section reports that, compared with untethered mice, mice with fiber tethers had reduced mobility and social interaction. The paper also discusses flexible components for wireless implants, but the cited behavioral comparison concerns animals; it does not establish improved mobility or social interaction for human implant users. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are more biocompatible and can adapt to complex tissue geometries.

    “Compared to commercially available rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are also more biocompatible (details described in section 2) and can adapt to the complex tissue geometries of the human body,[293–295] such as sulci in the cerebral cortex,[296,297] bundled peripheral nerves,[298] and stretching motions on the skin.[299]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim5 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [293] source

      The Introduction says that subcellular electrode designs such as carbon fiber arrays reduce mechanical mismatch and inflammatory impact, which supports part of the biocompatibility rationale. It does not establish a comparison between flexible and rigid electrodes or say that flexible electrodes conform to complex tissue geometries. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [294]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [295] source

      The Results (p. 3) say the soft electrodes can be adapted to the anatomy of cortical, spinal, and peripheral-nerve tissues, and the technology description (p. 4) calls their materials biocompatible. The paper does not establish that they are more biocompatible than rigid silicon-wafer electrodes, nor does it demonstrate adaptation to human anatomy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [296] source

      The Abstract (page not provided) says flexible, non-penetrating subdural arrays minimize irritation and injury to brain tissue compared with penetrating arrays. Electrode array fabrication and testing (page not provided) shows that this flexible device can fold to access cortical sulci. The paper does not establish a comparison with commercially available silicon-wafer electrodes and rigid packaging, or show that flexible electrodes adapt to complex tissue geometries throughout the human body. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [297] source

      The Introduction says flexible neural probes comply with brain tissue, and the Results (Long-term chronic stability of Neurotassels; page unavailable) report less neuronal cell loss around Neurotassels than around silicon probes in mice. This supports a brain-implant biocompatibility advantage, but the paper does not establish that flexible electrodes adapt to complex geometries throughout the human body. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [298] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Insulative packaging materials are a critical part of sensing recorders, and many popular insulating soft materials have been used for packaging sensing electrodes.

    “Apart from the conductive functional materials, the insulative packaging materials are also a critical part of sensing recorders. Many popular insulating soft materials have been used for packaging sensing electrodes,[318] such as PI,[319,320] PDMS,[321,322] hydrogel,[323,324] etc., as they have suitable mechanical, dielectric and biological properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [318] source
    • cites [319] source
    • cites [320] source
    • cites [321] source
    • cites [322]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Various electrodes with different materials, shapes, and characteristics can be placed on or in the brain, peripheral nerves, and muscles to record ECoG, LFP, ENG, and EMG respectively.

    “Various electrodes, with different materials, shapes, and characteristics, can be places on or in the human brain, peripheral nerves, and muscles to record ECoG,[300] LFP,[301] ENG[302] and EMG[303] respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [300] source
    • cites [301] source
    • cites [302] source

      The Methods describe electrodes implanted around rat sciatic nerves and electrophysiological recording of evoked compound action potentials. This supports peripheral-nerve monitoring, the portion linked to citation [302], but the recording electrodes were placed in the rat hind paw; the paper does not establish ENG recording from electrodes on or in human peripheral nerves. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECoG and LFPs play an important role in examining motor intention and elucidating the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.

    “As invasive brain monitoring electrodes, ECoG and LFPs play an important role in examining motor intention and elucidating the fundamental pathogenesis of various neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease.[330,331]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [330] source

      The paper describes using ECoG to study motor movement and imagery, supporting the motor-intention portion of the claim. The Methods describe epilepsy as the reason participants had electrodes implanted, not as a disorder whose pathogenesis was investigated. The paper does not establish the claimed role for LFPs or investigate Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [331] source

      The Introduction describes cortical and subcortical field potentials as probes of neural synchronization, and the Results use those recordings to decode motor states in people with Parkinson’s disease. The paper does not establish that they examine motor intention or elucidate the fundamental pathogenesis of epilepsy; epilepsy is mentioned in the Introduction as a condition treated with implanted stimulation devices. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    With further processing technology, these materials can be fabricated into ultra-thin and ultra-fine forms, enabling high-density integration and some flexibility.

    “With further evolution of processing technology, these materials can be fabricated into ultra-thin and ultra-fine forms, thus enabling high-density integration, as well as endowing some flexibility.[310,311]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vivo ECG recording equipment on the surface of the heart is subjected to dynamic movement, unlike static neural implants.

    “Unlike static neural implants mentioned above, in vivo ECG recording equipment on the surface of the heart is subjected to dynamic movement.[375–378]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [375] source

      The Biological modulation section (page unavailable) describes flexible devices contacting a rat heart’s surface while the heart contracted, supporting the dynamic-movement aspect. But Methods: Isolated heart (page unavailable) says the heart was removed for these ECG experiments; the paper does not establish an in vivo cardiac recording setup or the comparison with static neural implants. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [376] source
    • cites [377] source

      In “Assembly of a fully viscoelastic device and in vivo validation” (page not provided), the paper reports that an electrode array recorded ECG on a mouse heart and remained in place as the heart continued to beat. This supports the dynamic-movement point, but the paper does not characterize neural implants as static or establish the stated contrast. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [378] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Micro-wires are becoming flexible alternatives to microneedle arrays; they can remain relatively stationary as the brain moves, improving signal stability and reducing tissue damage.

    “As materials and manufacturing processes evolve, more micro-wires are becoming flexible alternatives to microneedle arrays, which are able to remain relatively stationary as the brain moves, improving signal stability while reducing tissue damage.[339–342]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [339] source

      The Introduction (p. 3) says the fine carbon fibers are much more compliant than conventional tungsten microwires and may reduce biological response; the Abstract (p. 1) likewise describes reduced inflammation as a promise of the technology. The paper does not show that the electrodes remain stationary as the brain moves or that this improves signal stability. Its in vivo recording demonstration was acute, so it does not establish reduced tissue damage over time. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [340] source

      The Methods describe chronically implanted microwire arrays, and the Results report stable recordings over recording sessions and viable single-unit recordings 18 months after implantation (page unavailable in our copy). The Discussion contrasts slow microwire implantation with the Utah array. The paper does not establish that the microwires flex to remain stationary as the brain moves, or that this mechanism improves signal stability or reduces tissue damage; its reference to design flexibility concerns which microwires the circuit board can accommodate. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [341] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes thin, flexible polymer probes as an alternative to rigid electrode arrays and says their flexibility should improve biocompatibility. The Threads section describes a design intended to minimize tissue displacement. The paper does not say these probes remain relatively stationary as the brain moves or that this improves signal stability; it also does not demonstrate reduced tissue damage. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [342] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Surface electrodes are generally more flexible, with morphology either 1D or 2D thin electrode layers or very tiny electrodes.

    “In contrast, surface electrodes generally are more flexible,[364,369] whose morphology in the limited space between this epimysium and the skin is either 1D or 2D thin electrode layers[370,371] or very tiny electrodes (millimeter or even sub-millimeter level).[369,372]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [364] source
    • cites [369] source

      The Epimysial recordings section (p. 4) describes a flexible, 20 µm-thick electrode substrate with submillimeter detection sites, supporting this paper as an example of a thin, flexible electrode. It does not establish that surface electrodes generally are more flexible than other electrodes; its devices are epimysial electrodes mounted on muscle. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [370] source
    • cites [371] source

      The Results describe a flexible printed circuit board with 0.2 × 0.2 mm recording pads that contact nerve or muscle, and a mote placed on a muscle surface beneath the replaced skin. This supports the cited example of a tiny surface-contact electrode, but does not establish that surface electrodes are generally more flexible than other electrodes. The 1D/2D morphology clause cites other sources, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [372] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ENG signals have a low signal-to-noise ratio and limited stability.

    “Nevertheless, ENG signals have a low signal-to-noise ratio and limited stability.[363]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [363] source

      The Materials and methods section (Figure 2 description; page unavailable) says LIFE signals commonly have quite low signal-to-noise ratios. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes the interface as quite stable during the trials and says long-term stability still needs investigation, so it does not establish the claimed limited stability. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A flexible filamentary bioinspired neuron-like electronic has bending stiffness comparable to a neuron's axon, enabling biocompatible high-resolution local field potential recording.

    “The bending stiffness of this implant is comparable to that of a neuron’s axon, enabling biocompatible high-resolution LFP recording.[310]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [310] source

      The Design and characteristics section states that the NeuE interconnect’s calculated bending stiffness is comparable to a neuron’s axon. The Summary and outlook reports negligible immune response, and Stable single-unit recording following implantation reports stable recordings of individual neurons. Our copy does not establish high-resolution local field potential (LFP) recording; its recording results concern single-unit spikes. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    In vivo Vagus nerve stimulation on a rabbit demonstrated the validity of the twining plant-inspired device.

    “In vivo Vagus nerve stimulation was carried out on a rabbit to demonstrate the validity of the device (Figure 8F).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In vitro and on-body artificial sensory neurons can communicate to batches of afferent cells using optical methods, but currently lack ability to selectively connect with individual neurons.

    “While in vitro and on-body artificial sensory neurons can communicate to batches of afferent cells using optical methods, they currently lack the ability to selectively connect with individual neurons (Figure 10A).[426,427]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [426] source

      The Background and Methodology > Sensory feedback system passages describe prosthetic-hand feedback through auditory cues, not optical communication with afferent cells. Searches for artificial sensory neurons, optical methods, and selective connections to individual neurons found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [427] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Inaccurate communication channels in medical robotics go against visual cues, leading to cognitive confusion, which is the number one reason why 40% of amputees reject wearing a prosthetic device.

    “The problem with inaccurate communication channels in medical robotics is that it goes against visual cues from the user leading to cognitive confusion,[428] which is the number one reason why 40% of amputees reject wearing a prosthetic device.[19]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [428] source

      The citation to this paper follows the claim that cognitive confusion is the leading reason 40% of amputees reject prostheses. The Introduction discusses the lack of sensory feedback, and Materials and Methods describes experiments with one amputee, but neither reports a rejection rate or identifies cognitive confusion as a reason for rejection (searched: 40%, rejection, abandonment, visual cues). (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [19] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Convolutional neural networks have been shown to detect Alzheimer's disease in MRI images.

    “CNNs have additionally been shown to detect Alzheimer’s disease in MRI images.[445]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [445] source

      The Introduction discusses convolutional neural networks only as classifiers for hand-gesture recognition. The Method and Conclusions describe an ANN using surface EMG signals, not MRI images. Searches for Alzheimer’s disease and MRI found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Most single tendon drives cannot actuate bidirectionally, so multiple cables are required to recover structures, similar to human agonist and antagonistic muscles.

    “It is worth noting, most single tendon drive does not have the ability to actuate bidirectionally (no”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [486] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) describes electro-ionic soft actuators as artificial muscles, and the Results (page unavailable) discuss their bending performance. Searches for single-tendon drives, bidirectional actuation, multiple cables, and agonist–antagonist muscles found no passage addressing the claimed limitation or cable requirement. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [487] source

      The Methods section describes a string attached to the motor’s rotor to measure torque, but does not discuss single-tendon drives. The Results and discussion passages concern dielectric-elastomer actuation, not whether tendon drives require multiple cables for bidirectional motion or recovery. Searches for tendon, cable, bidirectional actuation, and agonist–antagonist muscles found no passage addressing the claim; page numbers were not provided. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skin-like thermal actuators can be used for prosthetic applications, AR/VR feedback thermal stimulators, and thermal therapy in rehabilitation.

    “Specifically, these skin-like thermal actuators can be used for prosthetic applications,[106,502] AR/VR feedback thermal stimulators,[191,503,504] and thermal therapy in rehabilitation.[505–507]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 8 sources checked
    • cites [106] source
    • cites [502] source

      The Introduction and Results describe conformal thermal actuators used to heat skin at low levels and measure thermal transport; the Introduction says the experimental heating was below the human sensory threshold. The Discussion mentions dermatological studies and monitoring, but our copy does not address prosthetic use, AR/VR thermal feedback, or rehabilitation therapy (searched: prosthetic applications, feedback, rehabilitation, and therapeutic heating). (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [191] source
    • cites [503] source
    • cites [504] source
    • cites [505] source
    • cites [506] source
    • cites [507] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The term tendon driven is generic because the tendon can be powered by many sources, such as shape memory alloys, shape memory polymers, and thermo-responsive polymers.

    “The name is a generic term, because the “tendon” can be powered by many sources, such as shape memory alloys (SMAs),[479] SMPs,[480] and thermo-responsive polymers[481].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [479] source
    • cites [480] source
    • cites [481] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are two types of pneumatic actuators: pneumatic artificial muscles (McKibben actuators) for linear actuation and fluidic elastomer actuators, composed of low durometer rubber and driven by low air pressure (3-8 psi) for bending.

    “Broadly speaking, there are two types of pneumatic actuators: PAM-pneumatic artificial muscles (known as McKibben actuators) for linear actuation[471–473] and FEA- fluidic elastomer actuators, which are composed of low durometer rubber and driven by relatively low air pressure (3–8 psi) for bending.[474–476]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [471]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [472] source
    • cites [473]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [474] source
    • cites [475]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [476]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pneumatic and tendon actuation can be applied to gloves, exoskeletons, and foot orthoses, providing a new paradigm for rehabilitation devices.

    “These two actuation methods can be applied to gloves, exoskeletons, and foot orthoses, providing a new paradigm for rehabilitation devices.[459]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [459] source

      Section 2.3 describes an electrically heated nitrile glove that provides thermal feedback, not pneumatic or tendon actuation. Searches for pneumatic and tendon actuation, exoskeletons, foot orthoses, and rehabilitation found no passage addressing the attributed claim. The copy provides no page number for Section 2.3. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EAP actuators are activated directly through electrical signals, unlike soft pneumatic actuators that need gas supplements and tendon-driven actuators that require motors.

    “In contrast to soft pneumatic actuators that demand gas supplements and tendon driven actuators that require motors, EAP actuators are activated directly through electrical signals.[488,489]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [488] source
    • cites [489] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says traditional pneumatic or hydraulic actuators require external compressors or pumps to supply pressurized fluid, and describes electrically responsive actuators. It does not discuss tendon-driven actuators or establish that they require motors; its electrically powered examples also do not substantiate the statement about EAP actuators as a class. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Endowing e-skins with temperature can help amputees interact with others and improve acceptance of prostheses in social touch situations.

    “Endowing e-skins with”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [502] source

      The Introduction describes conformal thermal sensors for measuring skin temperature and thermal transport, while the Methods study healthy volunteers. Neither those passages nor the additional searches for amputees, prostheses, and social touch address whether temperature-enabled e-skins improve social interaction or prosthesis acceptance. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Common substrate materials for soft implants include PI and hydrogel, which are chemically inert in vivo and have sufficient dielectric strength to prevent discharge breakdown.

    “Common substrate materials include PI and hydrogel, which can remain chemically inert in vivo while also providing sufficient dielectric strength to prevent discharge breakdown.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [515] source

      The Discussion sections on specificity, invasiveness, and heating risks discuss implantable optical devices and electrode insulation, but not PI or hydrogel substrates. Searches for those materials, chemical inertness, dielectric strength, and discharge breakdown found no passage addressing the claim in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many studies have shown that feedback stimulation has the potential to regain tactile and thermal sensation in amputees and improve their accuracy and confidence in manipulating prostheses, such as grasping objects.

    “Many studies have shown that feedback stimulation has the potential to not only regain tactile and thermal sensation in amputees,[106,518] but also improve their accuracy and confidence in manipulating the prosthesis, such as grasping objects.[157,455]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [106] source
    • cites [518] source
    • cites [157] source
    • cites [455] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Stimulation holds tremendous promise for prosthetic information feedback and rehabilitation.

    “Stimulation holds tremendous promise for prosthetic information feedback[86,515] and rehabilitation.[329,516,517]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [86] source
    • cites [515] source
    • cites [329] source
    • cites [516] source
    • cites [517] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optogenetic stimulation is based on opsins that are light-sensitive and expressed only in certain cell types.

    “Optogenetic stimulation is based on opsins that are sensitive to light signals and only expressed in certain types of cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    By genetically engineering opsins into target neurons and controlling light, these neurons can be activated or inhibited, which is important for sensory and motor recovery and rehabilitation.

    “By genetically engineering these proteins into target neurons and controlling the light around them, these neurons can be activated or inhibited, which is particularly important for sensory and motor recovery and rehabilitation.[555]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [555] source

      The Methods (AAV vectors; Optogenetic stimulation protocol, page unavailable) describe expressing channelrhodopsin-2 in targeted mouse neurons and manipulating them with light. The paper supports light-driven activation, but does not establish light-driven inhibition or a role in sensory and motor recovery or rehabilitation; its Discussion instead concerns amyloid reduction in mouse models. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some Utah electrodes use flexible substrates to improve adaptability to complex surfaces.

    “Some Utah electrodes also use flexible substrates to improve their adaptability to complex surface.[544]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [544] source

      The Materials and methods section describes an ECoG grid made from a silicone sheet with platinum electrodes, but does not identify it as a Utah electrode or say the sheet improves adaptability to complex surfaces. Searches for Utah electrodes and flexible substrates found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thin film flexible electrical stimulators placed non-inserted on the cortical surface reduce brain tissue damage, but their array density is much smaller than penetrating microelectrodes, making them more suitable for stimulating relatively large brain areas.

    “Although the second type, thin film flexible electrical stimulators, are available in non-inserted way on the cortical surface to reduce damage to brain tissue, the array density of such devices is much smaller than the first, and they are more suitable for stimulation of relatively large brain areas.[545,546]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [545] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [546] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many studies have investigated the relationship between optogenetic stimulation and neurological disorders and control, including Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, spinal cord injuries, and somatosensory nociception, which relate to prosthetic control, feedback, and human movement rehabilitation.

    “Many studies have delved into the relationship between optogenetic stimulation and neurological disorders and control, such as Parkinson's,[557] Alzheimer's,[558] spinal cord injuries,[559] and somatosensory nociception,[560,561] which have indistinguishable relationship with prosthetic control, feedback, and human movement rehabilitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [557] source
    • cites [558] source
    • cites [559] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spinal cord stimulation can suppress pain and restore movement in paralyzed patients.

    “Furthermore, stimulation of the spine can suppress pain and restore movement in paralyzed patients.[549]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [549] source

      The Results and discussion section (‘Stimulation of the distal stump to alleviate muscular atrophy’; page unavailable) reports improved motor function after stimulation of injured sciatic nerves in rats. It does not establish that spinal cord stimulation suppresses pain or restores movement in paralyzed patients. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optogenetic stimulation can both excite and inhibit nerve cells, whereas electrical stimulation only excites nerves.

    “Furthermore, optogenetic stimulation can excite nerve cells and inhibit them, whereas electrical stimulation only excites nerves.[556]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [556] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says light activation of channelrhodopsin-2 can create action potentials in neurons, supporting the excitation part. The passages do not establish that optogenetic stimulation can inhibit nerve cells or that electrical stimulation only excites nerves. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Combining hydrogels and conductive polymers is a hot research area because hydrogels have nerve-like mechanical properties and provide a hydrophilic interface that reduces non-specific protein adhesion.

    “In addition, the combination of hydrogels and conductive polymers is a hot area of research since the former has mechanical properties similar to those of nerves and can provide a hydrophilic interface that reduces the adhesion of non-specific proteins.[58,539–542]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [58] source
    • cites [539] source
    • cites [540] source

      The Introduction describes conducting-polymer hydrogels as promising because their high water content resembles tissue, and the Discussion says the resulting gels can be tuned to mimic biological tissue at soft interfaces such as the brain. The paper does not specifically establish a match to nerve mechanics or say that a hydrophilic interface reduces nonspecific protein adhesion; searches for protein adsorption and adhesion found no supporting passage. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [541] source

      The Introduction describes carbon-fiber arrays on polyimide, and the Discussion and Conclusion addresses their use as nerve electrodes. Searches for hydrogels, conductive polymers, hydrophilic interfaces, and non-specific protein adhesion found no passage addressing the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [542] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Afferents and efferent projections from spinal grey matter carry somatosensory and motor information.

    “Afferents and efferent projections from the spinal grey matter also carry somatosensory and motorial information.[515]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [515] source

      The Introduction discusses stimulation of peripheral nerves and motor units, while the Results describe nerve stimulation and muscle-state feedback. Searches for afferent and efferent projections and spinal grey matter found no passage in our copy describing the claimed sensory and motor pathways. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Based on NFC data and power transmission, the device could be implanted over the mouse spinal cord minimally invasively without impeding movement.

    “Based on NFC data and power transmission, the device could be implanted over the mouse spinal cord in a minimally invasive way without impeding movement of the mouse (Figure 15J).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [569] source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) confirms NFC powering and communication. The Results and implantation methods (pages unavailable) describe a subcutaneous base station over the thoracic vertebral column, a cuff around the sciatic nerve, and no detected gait or coordination impairment compared with sham surgery. The paper does not report implanting the cuff over the spinal cord; it discusses spinal-cord placement only as a possible future adaptation. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In addition to haptic feedback, electrical stimulation is attractive for pain relief and sensory-motor control for prosthetics and orthotics.

    “In addition to haptic feedback, electrical stimulation is also attractive pain relief and sensory-motor control for prosthetics and orthotics.[599,601]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [599] source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says that TENS electrodes are used for pain relief and that electrotactile stimulation can provide sensory feedback relevant to controlling prosthetic devices. It does not address orthotics or establish electrical stimulation as a method of sensory-motor control for them. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [601] source

      The Results section (“Fully integrated ET system for augmented tactile sensations”; page unavailable) says the electro-tactile system could be applied to an artificial limb to give its user more information during operation. That supports a potential sensory-feedback application for prosthetics, but our copy does not describe pain relief, orthotics, or sensory-motor control beyond that proposed feedback. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A radio frequency-based optogenetics device with μ-ILEDs and a photodetector operated successfully for up to four weeks, representing a novel stride into closed-loop wireless optogenetic modulation for clinical adoption.

    “This radio frequency-based optogenetics device and its successful operation for up to four weeks represent a novel stride into closed-loop wireless optogenetic modulation for expediting the adoption of optogenetics technologies in clinical applications (Figure 15H).[566]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [566] source

      The Results describe an RF-powered, single-µ-ILED spinal device and report robust operation for more than four weeks, although average in-vivo survival was nearly three weeks. The device layout does not include a photodetector, and the Discussion presents sensing and wireless data transmission as possible future adaptations, not demonstrated closed-loop operation. The paper does not establish clinical adoption. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    To solve insufficient stimulation force, multi-layer stacking structures or hydraulic pressure to amplify force have been proposed.

    “To solve the issue of insufficient stimulation force, multi-layer stacking structure,[592] or hydraulic pressure to amplify the force have been proposed.[63,593,594]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [592] source

      The cited paper discusses pneumatic actuators and notes that increasing air pressure increases fingertip force (5.1.1 Normal Indentation, p. 9). Its discussion of actuator choice (4.1 Form Factor, p. 6) does not address hydraulic pressure as a force-amplification method. Searches for hydraulic force amplification and multi-layer stacking found no passage supporting those proposed solutions. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [63] source
    • cites [593] source

      The Introduction and Conclusion describe amplification of vibration in a polymer-film touch button, not amplification of stimulation force. Searches for hydraulic pressure and force-amplifying multilayer stacks found no supporting passage; the multilayer actuator listed in the References concerns low-voltage operation. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [594] source

      The device description and Methods describe a thin PZT actuator-and-sensor array, while Supplementary Figure S7 describes pressure induced by an actuator’s expansion. Searches for hydraulic force amplification and multilayer stacking found no passage proposing either approach to address insufficient stimulation force. The copy therefore does not verify the claim attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.73)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optogenetics was initially applied in rodent models to control brain neural circuits, but recent research shows promise for modulating spinal cord and peripheral nervous system activity.

    “Optogenetics was initially applied in rodent models to control neural circuits in the brain, but recent research efforts have shown great promise in modulating the activity of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.[556]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [556] source

      The Results and conclusion (page numbers unavailable) show that light stimulation of ChR2-expressing spinal neurons in injured rats restored diaphragmatic activity, supporting the spinal-cord portion of the claim. The paper does not establish that optogenetics was initially applied to brain circuits in rodents or show modulation of peripheral nervous system activity; diaphragmatic muscle activity is an outcome, not evidence of direct peripheral nervous system modulation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The parameters of applied current on the skin determine tactile stimulation comfort, and stimulation with a large current will induce muscle contractions.

    “Moreover, in this demonstration, the facts that the parameters of the applied current on the skin determines the tactile stimulation comfort, and stimulation with a large current will induce muscle contractions were also verified.[599]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [599] source

      In the Application demonstration > Electrical stimulation section (page unavailable), the authors increased current to identify comfortable thresholds and stopped when stimulation became uncomfortable or caused muscle twitching. This supports a relationship between current amplitude and comfort, and shows twitching can occur, but it does not establish that a large current will always cause muscle contractions or test the effects of multiple current parameters on comfort. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Subjects with force feedback were able to stop grasping at any desired level of gentle touch, while those without force feedback could not.

    “The result illustrates that subjects with force feedback were able to stop grasping at any desired level of gentle touch, while those without force feedback cannot.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [599] source

      The Application demonstration section measures electrotactile perception and comfort thresholds, while the Discussion and conclusion describes a proof of concept for reusable electrodes. Neither reports a grasping experiment comparing subjects with and without force feedback; searches for stopping grasping at a desired gentle-touch level and for a feedback-versus-no-feedback comparison found no such result in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.75)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electrical stimulation roughly includes two types: voltage control, which can reduce skin burn feeling during stimulation, and current control, which is relatively insensitive to differences in skin interface features.

    “Electrical stimulation roughly includes two types, one with voltage control, which is capable of reducing skin burns feeling during stimulation, and the other with current control, which is relatively insensitive to differences in the feature of the skin interface.[360,599,600]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [360] source

      The Electro-tactile stimulation section describes voltage- and current-regulated stimulation and says changes in interface impedance and load might not affect the current under current regulation. It says voltage regulation can minimize the chance of skin burns, not the feeling of burning during stimulation. Its two-type distinction is also specific to electro-tactile stimulation rather than electrical stimulation generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [599] source

      The Application demonstration > Electrical stimulation section (page unavailable) reports using a constant-current stimulator, supporting the existence of current-controlled stimulation. It does not compare current and voltage control, say that voltage control reduces skin-burn sensations, or establish that current control is relatively insensitive to skin-interface differences. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [600] source

      The Results section on network hubs and the Discussion address brain-network findings in children with epilepsy, not electrical stimulation. Searches for voltage control, current control, skin burns, and skin-interface features found no passage addressing the claim in our copy; no page numbers were provided. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For human-device interfaces, macro interface problems include large conformal attachment of prosthetic skin, sweat trap between wearable sensor and skin, and fixation of neural implants.

    “For example, the large conformal attachment of prosthetic skin,[149] sweat trap between the wearable sensor and the skin,[75] and fixation of neural implants.[420]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [149] source

      The cited paper supports the part of the sentence concerning large-area, conformable attachment: Related Work (p. 1) discusses skin modules covering robot surfaces, and “Mounting and Covering Robot Surfaces With Robot Skin” (p. 5) describes fastening skin patches to a robot. It does not establish the claimed problem for prosthetic skin attached at a human-device interface. The sweat-trap and neural-implant examples have separate citations and are not judged here. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [75] source
      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [420] source

      The citation [420] is attached to the fixation of neural implants, not the preceding examples of prosthetic skin or wearable sensors. The Introduction (p. 2) discusses neural coding as a communication channel, and the Results (p. 14) discuss synthetic tests of that method. A search for implant fixation and related terms found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed interface problem. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Some prospective systematic works have been reported.

    “Promisingly, some prospective systematic works have been reported.[76,153]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [76] source
    • cites [153] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Biofuel cells, piezoelectric, triboelectric, solar and other self-powered methods are prominent representatives of power supply for low-energy devices, truly enabling the user to move freely.

    “biofuel cells,[615] piezoelectric,[122] triboelectric,[127] solar[616] and other self-powered methods are prominent representatives of power supply for low-energy devices, truly enabling the user to move freely.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [615] source
    • cites [122] source
    • cites [127] source

      The Results (Structure and working mechanism; page unavailable) show that the paper’s textile sensor generates an electrical signal through triboelectrification, supporting the citation’s triboelectric example. The paper does not show that this sensor supplies power to another low-energy device or that it enables unrestricted movement; its Results note that motion can affect pulse signals. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On-body testing showed that after 15 minutes of training, an amputee could use the flexible prosthetic system to perform a range of precise gripping and social tasks, demonstrating potential for future applications.

    “The on-body test of this system showed excellent results: after 15 minutes of training, the amputee was able to use the flexible prosthetic system to perform a range of precise gripping and social tasks, demonstrating tremendous potential for future applications.[76]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A soft EMG controlled pneumatic neuroprosthetic with ionic capacitive sensors and flexible stimulators was developed to reduce manufacturing costs and achieve lightweight actuation.

    “As an exemplary case, a soft EMG controlled pneumatic neuroprosthetic with ionic capacitive sensors and flexible stimulators was developed to reduce manufacturing costs and achieve lightweight actuation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [76] source

      The Abstract and Conclusion describe a lightweight, potentially low-cost, pneumatically actuated hand controlled by EMG signals. The Design section describes ionic hydrogel-elastomer capacitive touch sensors and electrical stimulators, but does not say the stimulators are flexible. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some integrated work can enhance space utilization, reduce manufacturing costs, and achieve in-situ information sensing, processing, and actuating simultaneously for more accurate therapy.

    “Currently, some integrated work can enhance space utilization,[599] reduce manufacturing costs,[155] and achieve in-situ information sensing, processing, and actuating simultaneously for more accurate therapy.[548,605]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [599] source

      The Introduction describes the paper’s electrode as low-cost, and “Environmental and financial cost” reports a $0.45 material cost per electrode and potential savings from reuse. It does not establish that integration reduces manufacturing costs; its comparison concerns long-term use versus disposable electrodes, and it excludes equipment costs. The paper does not report simultaneous in-situ sensing, processing, and actuation for therapy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [155] source
    • cites [548] source
    • cites [605] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    In a system, these devices can work independently, but ideally each part can form a closed-loop system that is interlinked to perform more precise and complex tasks.

    “In a system, they can work independently, but, ideally, each part can form a closed-loop system that is interlinked to perform more precise and complex tasks.[76,153]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [76] source

      The Design section (page unavailable) describes an interlinked system: EMG control, touch sensors and electrical stimulation let the user adjust the hand’s grasp in a closed loop. It says the hand’s degrees of freedom can be independently controlled, but does not establish that the devices work independently, that each part forms its own closed loop, or that this arrangement enables more precise and complex tasks. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [153] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    The annual number of PubMed articles containing the keyword 'rehabilitation robotics' increased from 191 in 2010 to 772 in 2020.

    “with the keyword “rehabilitation robotics” in PubMed’s annual academic articles skyrocketing from 191 to 772 papers in 2010 and 2020 respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    A single-unit planar HASEL actuator lifted a 4 kg object at 69% linear actuation strain, verifying its linear actuating ability.

    “To verify the linear actuating ability of a single-unit planar HASEL actuator, a 4kg object lifting experiment at 69% linear actuation strain was exhibited (Figure 12H).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Pneumatic and tendon actuation are currently the most suitable forms of wearable rehabilitation in soft robots.

    “Because of this, pneumatic and tendon-actuation are currently the most suitable forms of wearable rehabilitation in soft robots.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Porous structures have high stretchability and breathability, facilitating conformal and comfortable attachment to skin.

    “Generally, porous structures have a high stretchability and breathability (See Figure 3G and 3H), which can facilitate conformal and comfortable attachment to the skin.[73]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [73] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soft robotic materials need to withstand rapid exposure to extreme temperatures, toxic chemicals, and continuous deformations and elongations to replace metal designs.

    “To replace the current metal designs, soft robotic materials therefore require the ability to withstand rapid exposure to extreme temperatures and toxic chemicals as well as continuous deformations and elongations.[38]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Guided exercises performed over long periods significantly improve recovery of lost brain function and mobility.

    “In the late 20th century, researchers found that over long periods of time guided exercises had a significant improvement in restoring lost brain function and mobility.[14]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14]

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The first tangible use of e-skin for prosthetics was in 1974, when minor sensory feedback was incorporated onto a robotic arm.

    “Initially proposed in science fiction movies, the first tangible application of e-skin for prosthetics occurred in 1974 with minor sensory feedback incorporated onto a robotic arm.[26]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26]

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Self-healing can be achieved by leveraging bonding properties of relevant materials, while biodegradability is mainly achieved by using inherently unstable materials.

    “In addition, self-healing can be achieved by leveraging the bonding properties of the relevant materials,[67] while biodegradability is mainly achieved by using inherently unstable materials.[68,69]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [67] source
    • cites [68] source
    • cites [69] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Despite improvements and a $6.39 billion market, up to 40% of patients with limb impairment still decline artificial replacements.

    “Despite the recent improvements to the material, design, and functionality of medical robotics, as well a $6.39 billion dollars market,[23] up to 40% of limb impairment patients still option out of using artificial replacements.[19]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Conductive polymers and hydrogels have considerable charge storage and injection capabilities and are commonly used in electrostimulation electrodes, electrophysiological recording electrodes, and nano-percolation networks.

    “As an example, conductive polymers and hydrogels have considerable charge storage and injection capabilities. Because of this, they are commonly used in electrostimulation electrodes,[58] electrophysiological recording electrodes, and nano-percolation networks that maintain statistical stability of impedance under deformation conditions.[44,60]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [58] source
    • cites [44] source
    • cites [60] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The chemical composition of flexible devices should adapt to biochemical environments such as sweat and interstitial fluid to ensure user safety and prevent device failure.

    “The chemical composition of flexible devices should be adaptable to various biochemical environments (biofluids like sweat and interstitial fluid) to ensure user safety and prevent device failure, especially in biological fluids containing various erosive ions and attacking immune cells.[50]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Bending strains decrease linearly with thickness, so inherently inelastic materials become flexible when made into ultrathin films or wires.

    “Bending strains decrease linearly with thickness, making inherently inelastic materials flexible when fabricated into ultrathin films or wires (on the nanometers/micrometers scale).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Proper conformability can reduce damage to the device and body during tissue displacement and motion artifacts while improving patient comfort and outcome.

    “Proper conformability can reduce damage to the device and body during tissue displacement and motion artifacts while also improving patient comfort and outcome.[39]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [39] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The commonly cited reasons for declining artificial replacements are unnatural feel, poor functionality, and heavy device weight.

    “The common issues cited are the unnatural feel, poor functionality, and heavy weight of the device.[19]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    E-skin sensing can achieve autonomous electronic rehabilitation by monitoring the patient in real time, offering a promising solution for personalized rehabilitation.

    “In such scenarios, e-skin sensing can achieve autonomous electronic rehabilitation by monitoring the patient in real-time, providing a promising solution for the development of personalized rehabilitation science.[93,94]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [93] source
    • cites [94] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Resistive sensors are limited by large hysteresis, confounding temperature sensitivity, and varying pressure sensitivity.

    “Nevertheless, some drawbacks, like large hysteresis,[116] large confounding temperature sensitivity,[117] and varying pressure sensitivity[118] have limited the performance of resistive sensors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [116] source
    • cites [117] source
    • cites [118] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Piezoelectric and triboelectric sensors have unique advantages in dynamic force measurements, including high-frequency measurement and self-power supply.

    “Piezoelectric and triboelectric have their unique advantages in dynamic force measurements, i.e. high-frequency measurement, and self-power supply.[121–123]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [121] source
    • cites [122] source
    • cites [123] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In rehabilitation, lack of supervision may lead to incorrect patient posture, reducing rehabilitation efficiency and potentially aggravating disability.

    “In rehabilitation, the absence of supervision may lead to incorrect patient posture, which reduces the efficiency of rehabilitation and can even aggravate a disability.[88]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Piezoelectric and triboelectric strain sensors are two other major types of stretchable strain sensors.

    “Piezoelectric and triboelectric strain sensors are two other major types of stretchable strain sensors.[180–182]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [180] source
    • cites [181] source
    • cites [182] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Piezoelectric and triboelectric sensing mechanisms have major drawbacks of unreliable static sensing and drift in long-term measurements.

    “Nonetheless, the major drawbacks of these two sensing mechanisms are the unreliable static sensing performances and drift in long-term measurements.[108]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Manufacturing precision and integration density of flexible devices are still in their infancy compared with rigid devices.

    “Compared to rigid devices, the manufacturing precision and integration density of flexible devices are still in their infancy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    At the current stage, e-skin can mimic or surpass human skin in mechanical and thermal sensing and in chemical, physiological, and proximity sensing functionalities.

    “At the current stage, e-skin can mimic or surpass human skin performance in mechanical and thermal sensing (as shown in Table 1) and functionalities in terms of various chemical,[91] physiological, and proximity sensing[92] to deliver accurate and diversified information to users.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [91] source
    • cites [92] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Manufacturing cost of materials and structures is key in determining device price, and many materials are costly for proof of concept in the lab.

    “The manufacturing cost of materials and structures is the key in determining the device’s price. Many materials and structures are already costly for proof of concept in the lab.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Thermal perception for prosthetics can complement pressure sensing to extract more tactile information, inform the amputee about the environment thermographically, and prevent danger or device failure from extreme heat or cold.

    “Thermal perception for prosthetics can complement pressure sensing for extracting more tactile information from the environment, which not only informs the amputee about the environment thermographically, but can also prevents the user from danger or potential device failure due to extreme heat or cool.[220,221]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [220] source
    • cites [221] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Simultaneous detection of thermal and mechanical signals is challenging due to coupling but is possible.

    “Simultaneous detection of thermal and mechanical signals is challenging due to the coupling problem; however, it is possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The device was made with biodegradable materials, avoiding the need for surgical extraction.

    “This device was fabricated with biodegradable materials, which avoids the need for surgical extraction.[204]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [204] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Measuring strain from small muscle deformations requires high sensitivity.

    “Unlike large strain measurements of joint angles, measuring the strain from small muscle deformations requires a high sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The bend angle of a foam integrated with robotic skin was calculated from device dimensions and electrical signals.

    “As shown in Figure 6C, to demonstrate the proprioceptive ability, the bend angle of a foam integrated with the robotic skin was calculated from the dimension of the device and the electrical signals.[200]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [200] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Placing sensors on different parts or integrating them on one substrate cannot intrinsically measure two signals simultaneously at one point, wasting space at key locations like fingertips.

    “Nonetheless, both types mentioned above cannot intrinsically measure two signals simultaneously at one point, resulting in a waste of valuable space at key locations (like fingertips).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Soft actuators lack the ability to reflect movements because of their continuous motion, which makes flexible strain sensors attractive for soft actuators.

    “Soft actuators lack this ability because of their continuous mode of motion, making the application of flexible strain sensors on soft actuators extremely attractive.[37,198,199]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [37] source
    • cites [198] source
    • cites [199] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optical temperature sensors using IR thermography and colorimetric thermochromic liquid crystals can record temperature more intuitively and have been applied to measure human body temperature.

    “Moreover, some optical temperature sensors use infrared (IR) thermography[218] and colorimetric techniques with thermochromic liquid crystals that can be used to record the temperature more intuitively[219] and have already been applied to measure the temperature of the human body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [218] source
    • cites [219] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Providing real-time monitoring of human motions and physiological signatures provides rich data for disability rehabilitation and supports personalized rehabilitation strategies.

    “Providing real-time monitoring of human motions and physiological signatures provides rich data for the field of disability rehabilitation, which is conducive to the formulation of personalized rehabilitation strategies to achieve better rehabilitation results.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Measuring pressure and temperature in a single parameter is a potential solution that is more efficient for data collection.

    “Another potential solution is to measure pressure and temperature in a single parameter, which is more efficient data collection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Electrophysiological signals carry a wealth of information about the human body.

    “Electrophysiological signals carry a wealth of information about the human body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Human skin has receptors for mechanical and thermal information but no specific humidity receptors; the brain perceives wetness indirectly by analyzing mechanical and thermal information.

    “While the skin has receptors for sensing mechanical and thermal information, there are no specific receptors that sense humidity. Rather, the human brain is able to”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [254] source
    • cites [255] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Organic flexible LEDs and photodiodes are driving PPG application in wearables.

    “As an example, organic flexible LEDs and photodiodes are driving the application of photoplethysmogram (PPG) in the wearable sector.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that e-skin, charge relaxation time of capacitance is a strain-insensitive feature for absolute temperature, and normalized capacitance is a temperature-insensitive extrinsic feature for strain.

    “where two variables (temperature and strain) are derived from analyzing the ion relaxation dynamics: the charge relaxation time of the capacitance as a strain-insensitive feature to measure absolute temperature, and the normalized capacitance as a temperature-insensitive extrinsic feature to measure strain.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [230] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electrochemical methods are attractive due to high sensitivity, low response time, and long-term stability.

    “Electrochemical methods are attractive due to their high sensitivity, low response time, and long-term stability.[232]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [232] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Colorimetric optical methods have simple principle and structure but are more difficult to make highly sensitive.

    “One is based on the colorimetric method, whose principle and structure are simple, but more difficult to reach high sensitivity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Integrating in-situ sensing, on-site processing, and data transmission allows chemical sensing platforms to achieve continuous, real-time sensing of ions and metabolites, which is crucial for comprehensive knowledge of a wearer's well-being.

    “Integrating in-situ sensing, on-site processing, and data transmission together, chemical sensing platforms can achieve the goal of continuous, real-time sensing of ions and metabolites, which is crucial to obtain more comprehensive knowledge about a wearer’s well-being.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Fabrication of large-area e-skins is challenging; most existing flexible sensor research is miniaturized proof-of-concept.

    “Secondly, fabrication of large area e-skins is challenging. Most of the existing research on flexible sensors are miniaturized proof-of-concept.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Ultra-thin e-skins have better mechanical compliance, but their mechanical strength decreases significantly with thickness.

    “Normally, ultra-thin e-skins have better mechanical compliance, but their mechanical strength decreases significantly with their thickness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The environment contains enormous quantities and types of chemicals, and rapid accurate identification could provide essential environmental information.

    “However, there are enormous quantities and types of chemicals in the environment (e.g., gases, food, toxins, etc.), where rapid and accurate identification of these substances could provide the user with essential information about the environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Such cross-sensor mechanisms for wetness perception may require intelligent algorithms and are not available in current e-skin.

    “Such mechanisms, which may require intelligent cross-sensor algorithms, are not available in the current e-skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    In many cases, the sensing capabilities of pressure, strain, temperature, and chemical sensors have surpassed human skin in function and performance.

    “In many cases, the sensing capabilities of each have surpassed human skin in terms of function and performance, which is crucial for the development of artificial limbs with the same or better sensory function as human limbs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fluorescence methods, where emitted light has a larger wavelength than received light, are more sensitive and suitable for trace substance measurement.

    “The last method is the fluorescence approach, where the wavelength of the light emitted is larger than the wavelength received, which is more sensitive and suitable for trace substance measurement.[238]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [238] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Human skin lacks accurate chemical sensing capabilities and instead uses mechanoreceptors to sense chemical contact and nociceptors to perceive chemical damage.

    “From a bionic perspective, human skin does not have accurate chemical sensing capabilities, but rather uses mechanoreceptors to sense chemical contact and nociceptors to perceive chemical damage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Principles of bionics have not been fully developed and applied to electronic skin, such as moisture detection.

    “Thirdly, the principles of bionics have not been fully developed and applied to electronic skin, like moisture detection.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Large-area fabrication must comply with conformal design from 2D to 3D, signal crosstalk handling, self-healing, and low preparation costs.

    “Large-area fabrication must still comply with conformal design from 2D to 3D, signal crosstalk handling, the self-healing requirement, as well as the low preparation costs (time and money).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Using machine learning to directly analyze coupled multimodal data allows cross-reactive devices to achieve a certain degree of decoupling and greatly reduces sensor mechanism and structure complexity.

    “Utilizing machine learning methods to directly analyze the coupled multimodal data, these devices can achieve a certain degree of decoupling. This approach greatly reduces the complexity of the sensor mechanism and structure.[231]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [231] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Chemical and biomolecular information collected by e-skin from the human body could benefit the design of next-generation HMI for personalized robotic rehabilitation.

    “Furthermore, the chemical and biomolecular information collected by the e-skin from the human body could greatly benefit the design of next-generation HMI toward personalized robotic rehabilitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because brain recorders directly interface with the brain, they circumvent communication and control channels in peripheral nerves and muscles, which is significant for patients with damaged peripheral nervous systems or severe spinal cord injuries.

    “Beyond these, as the recorders directly interface with the brain, they circumvent the communication and control channels in peripheral nerves and muscles, which is of great significance for patients with damaged peripheral nervous systems or other severe spinal cord injuries.[335]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [335] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Non-invasive electrophysiological recording is widely accepted and can be extracted on the skin surface.

    “Non-invasive electrophysiological recording is also widely accepted and can be extracted on the skin’s surface.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ECG captured via invasive and wearable devices cannot be used for prosthetic control but provides auxiliary information for disability rehabilitation monitoring.

    “Another popular detection technique for electrophysiological signals captured via invasive and wearable devices is electrocardiogram (ECG),[288,289] which cannot be used for prosthetic control, but does provide auxiliary information for disability rehabilitation monitoring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [288] source
    • cites [289] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of piezoelectric, NFC, and ultrasonic technologies for power supply and data transmission.

    “Specifically, recent studies have demonstrated the feasibility of piezoelectric,[327] near field communication (NFC),[328] and ultrasonic technologies[329] in power supply and data transmission.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [327] source
    • cites [328] source
    • cites [329] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    LFP recorders mostly use microelectrodes that penetrate directly into the cerebral cortex, capturing more accurate and deeper brain signals.

    “LFP recorders mostly use microelectrodes to penetrate directly into the cerebral cortex, which capture more accurate and deeper brain signals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Non-invasive electrophysiological sensors are more extensively researched and generally preferred by many patients.

    “Of the two, non-invasive sensors are more extensively researched and is generally preferred by many patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [290] source
    • cites [291] source
    • cites [292] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Invasive recording routinely uses peripheral in vivo tissues with ENG and EMG to record peripheral nerve activity and muscle electrical signals.

    “Invasive recording techniques routinely use peripheral in vivo tissues with electroneurography (ENG)[277,278] and electromyography (EMG),[279,280] which can record peripheral nerve activity and muscle electrical signals respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [277] source
    • cites [278] source
    • cites [279] source
    • cites [280] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisereasoning

    Because surgery damages the body, fully implantable non-removable devices should operate for a long period, ideally a full human lifetime, to avoid frequent battery-replacement surgery.

    “Moreover, given the damage of the surgery to the human body, fully implantable non-removable devices should be operational for a long period of time (ideally lasting a full human lifetime) to avoid the surgery associated with frequent battery replacement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Non-invasive electrophysiological recording techniques are more common than invasive procedures because their convenience and safety relieve users from surgery risk.

    “Non-invasive electrophysiological recording techniques are more common than invasive procedures as their convenience and safety can relieve users from the risk of surgery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On-site signal processing is beneficial to reduce loss of sensing information, filter noise, improve transmission efficiency, and enable full portability.

    “In this signal loop, on-site signal processing is beneficial to reduce the loss of sensing information and filter noise as well as improve the transmission efficiency and enable the system to be fully portable.[416]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [416] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The primary function of the somatosensory nervous system is to act as a communication pathway between environmental bodies and perception.

    “The primary function of the somatosensory nervous system is to act as a communication pathway between environmental bodies and our perception of the world.[421]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [421] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The microscopic size of neural dust opens up the possibility of injectable implantation, greatly reducing difficulty and expense.

    “The microscopic size of these “dust” also opens up the possibility of injectable implantation, which greatly reduces the difficulty and expense of implantation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Implantable electrodes are more specialized and require special structures to adapt to in vivo tissues, while epidermal recordings tend to be universal.

    “However, implantable electrodes are more specialized and require special structures to adapt to in vivo tissues, while in contrast, electrical recordings from epidermal electrodes tend to be universal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Proper encapsulation minimizes rejection by the body and prevents body fluid from eroding the device.

    “A proper encapsulation ensures, on the one hand, that rejection by the body is minimized and, on the other hand, that the body fluid environment does not erode the device.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Implantable EMG has advantages over surface EMG: higher signal quality, less movement artifacts, and ability to record small and deep muscle activity.

    “In contrast to surface EMG, implantable EMG has many advantages, such as higher signal quality, less movement artifacts, and the ability to record small and deep muscle activity.[364]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [364] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PPG is a potential alternative monitoring solution for ECG, as it obtains superficial vascular information through infrared optical signals while being placed comfortably around the finger, ear, or forehead in a non-contact way.

    “In recent years, the rapid emergence of PPG is a potential alternative monitoring solution for ECG, as it can obtain superficial vascular information through infrared optical signals, while being placed comfortably around the finger, ear, or forehead in a non-contact way.[268]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [268]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Floating movement of the device in the body environment leads to failure of the record, and even infection and life danger.

    “The floating movement of the device in the body environment will directly lead to the failure of the record, and even cause infection, resulting in life danger.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Due to low Young's modulus and excellent stretchability, flexible electrodes form a relatively stable combination with skin, reducing contact impedance and increasing SNR by reducing movement artifacts.

    “Due to its low Young's modulus and excellent stretchability, the flexible electrode can form a relatively stable combination with the skin, which can effectively reduce the contact impedance in measurement and increase the SNR (by reducing movement artifacts).[93]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [93] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EEG is the most common brain signal in clinical applications and has been widely utilized in prosthetics and other HMI applications.

    “As the most common brain signal in clinical applications, EEG has been widely utilized in prosthetics and other HMI applications.[285,399]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [285] source
    • cites [399] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The heartbeat is an autonomic response without intentional control, so ECG signals cannot be applied to control prosthetics.

    “In fact, the heartbeat is an autonomic response without intend control, thus, ECG signals cannot be applied to control prosthetics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In electrocutaneous stimulation for grip intensity, amplitude modulation is the most important parameter for accurate association and comprehension, but it is susceptible to sensation adaptations.

    “In electrocutaneous stimulation for grip intensity, amplitude modulation is the most important parameter for accurate association and comprehension of the received stimuli; however, amplitude modulation is also known to be susceptible to sensation adaptations.[431]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [431] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The soft and stretchable skeletal muscles, including muscle bellies and tendons, are the natural mechanical actuators in the human body.

    “The inherently soft and stretchable skeletal muscles, including the muscle bellies and tendons, are the natural mechanical actuators in the human body.[452]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [452] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    In practice, convolutional neural networks use multiple filters to extract different key features from an image.

    “In practice, CNNs use multiple filters to extract different key features within a photo.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Communicating external sensory information to a patient is an important step in establishing a connection between the user and their phantom limb.

    “Communicating external sensory information to a patient is an important step in establishing a connection between the user and their phantom limb.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Machine learning and other neuromorphic architectures can speed up processing time, which is currently limited by electronic interference and the von Neumann bottleneck.

    “ML and other neuromorphic architectures offer a way to speed up this processing time, which is currently limited by electronic interference and the von Neumann bottleneck.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Advancing communication channels in rehabilitation robotics and prosthetics can allow medical robotics to be fully integrated into the user's daily routine and increase user acceptance of therapeutic technologies.

    “Through advancing communication channels in rehabilitation robotics and prosthetics, medical robotics can be fully integrated into the user’s daily routine, allowing for higher user acceptance of many therapeutic technologies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationcitation

    Machine learning applications in medical robotics need to account for racial, gender, sexuality, and age factors to prevent algorithms from finding a local optimum that overfits the majority population while underperforming on minority groups.

    “Recognizing that there is a racial, gender, sexuality, and age component in medical data reaffirms the need to account for such factors in ML applications in medical robotics to prevent the algorithm from finding a local optimum that overfits the majority of the population while underperforming on minority groups.[449,451]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [449] source
    • cites [451] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Support vector machines and k-nearest neighbors classify data by first grouping points into different subcategories, unlike convolutional neural networks.

    “Unlike convolutional neural networks, the support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor algorithms classify data by first grouping the points into different subcategories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    Much of the data needs preprocessing to extract useful features in the correct format.

    “Much of the data needs preprocessing to first extract useful features in the correct format.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Support vector machines segment space by defining a boundary plane that maximally separates the greatest number of similar points, focusing on edge points at the boundary.

    “Support vector machines segment the space by defining a boundary plane to maximally separate the greatest number of similar points (specifically focusing on the edge points at the boundary).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Convolutional neural networks extract information from images by classifying features within them.

    “Convolutional neural networks are used for extracting information from photos by interpreting (classifying) different features inside an image.[443]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [443] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The inability to formally predict whether machine learning will improve accuracy on a dataset beforehand partly comes from the possibility of bad and misused data in input samples.

    “The inability to formally postulate whether ML will enhance the accuracy in a dataset beforehand partly stems from the possibility of bad and misused data present in the input samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Machine learning in data communication can improve accuracy and reduce the amount of sensory data required by revealing hidden overlapping features.

    “Artificial intelligence (AI), specifically machine learning (ML), in data communication can enhance the accuracy and reduce the volume of sensory information needed, uncovering hidden – possibly overlapping – features present in the data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Through joint leverage, changes in muscle length and tension are translated into rotational movements and forces.

    “Through the leverage of joints, changes in length and tension of the muscles are translated into rotational movements and forces.[453]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [453] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    EEG, EMG, and ECG data produce a semi-continuous flow of points, most of which are irrelevant or hidden by noise.

    “For example, EEG, EMG, and ECG data outputs a semi-continuous flow of points, most of which are not relevant or hidden by noise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When trained across the whole population, machine learning models preferentially mislabel people from minority groups, but when applied to each individual subgroup the models maintain high accuracy.

    “In practice, when trained across the whole population, ML models preferentially mislabel people from minority groups, but when applied to each individual subgroup the models maintains their high accuracy.[451]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [451] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The most common supervised learning modules are convolutional neural networks, support vector machines, k-nearest neighbors, and artificial neural networks.

    “the most common being convolutional neural networks (CNN), support vector machines (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and artificial neural networks (ANN).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There are two main routes for relaying sensory feedback information: invasive contact with the nervous system and external stimulation of the user's limb.

    “There are two main routes researchers can take in relaying sensory feedback information: invasive contact with the nervous system and external stimulating the user’s limb.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    If input features cannot be well separated into groups, a kernel function can remap the data into a higher dimension where boundary lines can section off information more easily.

    “If the input points (the features) cannot be well separated into different groups, one can further apply a kernel function to remap the data into a higher dimension where it is easier for boundary lines to section off the information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Down-sampling is performed by convolving matrix filters across an image and remapping the data into a new array used to identify features.

    “Down-sampling is achieved by convolving (sliding) different matrix filters across the photo and remapping the data into a new array that can be used to identify different features inside the image.[443]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [443] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Convolutional neural networks have been widely used to analyze tactile maps from grasping objects and to quantify their weight.

    “CNNs have also been widely used to analyze and identify tactile maps generated from grabbing onto objects as well as quantifying their weight (Figure 11D and 11E).[148]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    There is no formal proof that any machine learning algorithm will improve classification accuracy of medical data above random guessing.

    “Unfortunately, there is no formal proof that any ML algorithm will enhance the classification accuracy of medical data above randomly guessing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Motor-driven prostheses are precise and adaptable, but their low mechanical compliance, high stiffness, and heavy weight differ substantially from natural human limbs, which may lead to physiological and psychological rejection by amputees.

    “Although motor-driven prostheses are precise and adaptable, their low mechanical compliance, high stiffness, and heavy weight are substantially different to natural human limbs, which may lead to physiological and psychological rejection of prostheses by amputees.[457]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [457] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    When stimulating a user in response to an external impulse, matching the feedback modality of the stimulus when possible lowers the cognitive effort needed to recognize and react to the event.

    “When stimulating the user in response to an external impulse, matching the feedback modality of the stimulus (when possible) results in a lower cognitive effort for the user to recognize and react to the event.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    When multiple signals are provided at once, minimizing idle time between data processing and user relay is important to maintain spatiotemporal information and match visual cue expectations.

    “When multiple signals are provided to the patient at once, minimizing the idle time between data processing and user relay is important to maintain spatiotemporal information about the signal as well as match the expectation from visual cues.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The final accuracy of support vector machine and k-nearest neighbor models is highly dependent on the chosen feature extraction and preprocessing methods, because clean data yields high accuracy.

    “In practice, the final accuracy of these models is highly dependent on the feature extraction and preprocessing methods chosen, as clean data (good features) yields a high accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    During classification, convolutional neural networks downsize or section key image areas into smaller matrices, with each color pixel represented by three integer RGB values from 0 to 255.

    “During classification, CNNs extract quantifiable information from these images (which are represented by a matrix of numbers) by first downsizing or sectioning off key areas of the photo into smaller matrices,[443] where each color pixel is represented by three integer RGB values ranging from 0 to 255.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [443] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The k-nearest neighbors algorithm classifies incoming data by minimizing weighted distance between each testing group's points, assigning each point the closest group's label while minimizing total error.

    “Meanwhile, the k-nearest neighbors algorithm classifies incoming data by minimizing the (weighted) distance between each testing group’s points (i.e., each point is classified with the closest group’s label while minimizing the total error).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Similar analysis to convolutional neural networks can be performed with artificial neural networks by first extracting key features without a matrix filter.

    “It is worth noting that similar analysis can be performed using artificial neural networks, just by extracting the key features first (without using a matrix filter).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    A common medical use of convolutional neural networks is diagnosing patients from EEG, EMG, or ECG recordings.

    “For sensory data in medicine, a common application of CNNs is to diagnose patients from an EEG, EMG, or ECG recording.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Soft robotics allow flexible artificial actuation and can serve as the base for flexible sensing electronics in prosthetic and rehabilitation applications.

    “Soft robotics allow for flexible artificial actuation and can act as the base for flexible sensing electronics (as discussed above) for prosthetic and rehabilitation applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spiking neural networks have been employed in asynchronous neuromorphic processors with negligible delay, surpassing von Neumann architectures in data access.

    “In literature, SNNs have been used in dynamic neuromorphic asynchronous processors with an insignificant time delay, outperforming other modern von Neumann architectures in accessing stored data.[439]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [439] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Prejudice is common in many other AI-based facial recognition platforms used in industry, despite racial bias in machine learning being well-documented.

    “Such prejudice is actually quite common in many other AI-based facial recognition platforms used in industry, despite racial bias in ML being well-documented in the literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The narrow link between memory and CPU causes the von Neumann bottleneck, an idle period when the processor waits for data from memory because of low transfer rates.

    “The limited communication line between the two units leads to the well-known von Neumann bottleneck: the inherent idle time in receiving information from computer memory due to the small transfer rate between the CPU and stored memory.[434]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [434] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The main issue with current rigid and metal-based medical devices is that they risk causing irritation or damage to the human body, which can negatively affect rehabilitation.

    “The main issue with the current rigid and metal-based medical devices is that they carry a risk of causing irritation or damage to the human body, which can negatively affect rehabilitation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Flexible heaters perform better than rigid heaters, mainly due to differences in conformability and the skin contact interface.

    “In comparison, flexible heaters perform better than rigid heaters, mainly due to the difference in conformability between the two and the skin contact interface.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    The softness of pneumatic prostheses brings uncertainty in modeling and control.

    “Unfortunately, the softness of the pneumatic prosthesis brings uncertainty in modeling and control.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with pneumatic actuating methods, tendon-driven grippers have higher grasping speed and strength.

    “Compared with pneumatic actuating methods, tendon driven grippers have a higher grasping speed and strength.[484,485]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [484] source
    • cites [485] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Cable-like actuators are more suitable to mimic natural muscles in upper and lower limb rehabilitation because of their simple structures.

    “Cable-like actuators are more suitable to mimic natural muscles in this complex scenario owing to their simple structures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    A soft robot's ability to adapt to curved and irregular surfaces is crucial in hand rehabilitation for people with grasping pathologies.

    “A soft robo’s ability to adapt to curved and irregular surfaces is crucial in hand rehabilitation for people with grasping pathologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Although various soft actuators have been proven effective as artificial muscles, features such as heavy weight, slow actuation, dangers of high operating voltages, and thermal irritation of thermally activated polymers constrain their deployment in wearable rehabilitation.

    “Although various soft actuators have been proven to be effective as artificial muscles, some of their features constrain their deployment in wearable rehabilitation applications, such as their heavy weight, slow actuation, dangers associated with high operating voltages, and thermal irritation of thermally activated polymers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    While soft-device rehabilitation strategies look promising, portability issues still overshadow their development.

    “While these rehabilitation strategies based on soft devices look promising, the portability issue still overshadows their development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In contrast to rigid robotic hands with limited degrees of freedom, pneumatic soft hands can achieve continual deformation with a simple input signal, resulting in self-adaptation comparable to the high degrees of freedom in human hands.

    “In contrast to the rigid robotic hands with limited DOFs, pneumatic soft hands can achieve continual deformation with a simple input signal, resulting in self-adaptation that is comparable to the high DOFs in human hands.[477,478]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [477] source
    • cites [478] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Diseases such as stroke and poliomyelitis induce hemiparetic gait and inhibit movement.

    “Some diseases, like stroke, poliomyelitis, will induce hemiparetic gait and inhibit movement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Slow actuation limits pneumatic applications.

    “In addition, issues like slow actuation also limit pneumatic applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Pneumatic devices are complicated by air tubes, pumps, and cable actuators with motors as the power source.

    “Pneumatic devices are complicated by air tubes, pumps, and cable actuators with motors as the power source.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    EAP actuation is silent, making it more analogous to human muscles than other actuation modalities.

    “The actuation of the EAP is silent, which is more analogous to human muscles than other actuation modalities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The most attractive features of soft actuators over rigid prosthetics are high biocompatibility and biomimicry, in addition to mechanical compliance, lightweight, silence, high power-to-weight ratio, and safety, allowing them to conform to and imitate human muscle.

    “The most attractive features of soft actuators over rigid prosthetics are their high biocompatibility and biomimicry[38] (on top of their mechanical compliance, lightweight, silence, high power-to-weight ratio, and safety), which can naturally conform to and imitate the human muscle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Each power source for tendon-driven actuators has advantages, but all are too slow for prosthetic actuation.

    “Each power source has its own advantages, but, unfortunately, they are all too slow for prosthetic actuation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Recently, the Peltier cooling effect has been used for thermal cooling in flexible devices, also known as semiconductor coolers.

    “Recently, the Peltier cooling effect has also been used for the thermal cooling in flexible devices (also known as semiconductors coolers).[499–501]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [499] source
    • cites [500] source
    • cites [501] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dielectric elastomer actuators at human scale can only generate relatively low force below 100 mN but require a high working voltage around 1000 kV to operate.

    “Likewise, dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) at human scale can only generate relatively low force (below 100 mN) but require a high working voltage (around 1000 kV) to operate.[63]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A soft bionic ergonomic exoskeleton robot with 7 degrees of freedom can assist upper-body motions and limit stroke complications in a natural way.

    “For instance, a soft bionic ergonomic exoskeleton robot with 7 DOFs is shown in Figure 13C to assist upper-body motions and to limit stroke complications in a natural way.[493]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [493] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Heavy and rigid devices face the same challenges, which are current challenges for fully integrated wearable designs.

    “All of these challenges are also faced by heavy and rigid devices, which are the current challenges for fully integrated wearable designs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Partial hand paralysis is one of the most common complications in stroke patients, and mirror therapy is a promising method for hand rehabilitation in this situation.

    “Partial hand paralysis is one of the most common complications in stroke patients, and mirror therapy is a promising method for hand rehabilitation in this situation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The Peltier effect means that when current passes through a circuit of different conductors, heat absorption and exothermic phenomena occur at junctions depending on current direction, usually in n-p semiconductors.

    “For cooling, the Peltier effect means that when there is a current through a circuit composed of different conductors, heat absorption and exothermic phenomena occur at the junctions of different conductors with different current directions, which are usually used in n-p semiconductors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Most soft materials are prone to oxidation, which reduces durability of soft actuators.

    “Moreover, most soft materials are prone to oxidation, which reduces durability of soft actuators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Human skin has both sensory perception and thermal actuating capability.

    “The human skin not only has the function of sensory perception, but also has the thermal actuating capability.[512]”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [512] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    These flexible stimulators are highly biocompatible, lightweight, safe, and portable in the form of implants or wearable devices.

    “These flexible stimulators are highly biocompatible, lightweight, safe, and portable in the form of implants or wearable devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These soft actuators are more compatible with the human body, making them promising in many fields from bionic prosthetics to rehabilitation human-machine interfaces.

    “These soft actuators are more compatible with the human body, making them promising in many fields, ranging from bionic prosthetics to rehabilitation HMIs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Faradic electrical stimulators use redox reactions and ion movement at faradaic electrodes, which provides high levels of charge for stimulation.

    “while the faradic type is based on the redox reactions and ions movement at faradaic electrodes which provides high levels of charge for stimulation.[305]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [305] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Under constant voltage, materials with high electrical and thermal conductivity tend to achieve a fast thermal response.

    “Under a constant voltage, materials with high electrical and thermal conductivity tend to achieve a fast-thermal response.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Most thermal actuators are based on Joule heating, which generates a higher temperature than the original state.

    “However, most thermal actuators are based on Joule heating, whose function is to generate a higher temperature than original state.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Existing literature has documented several types of stimulation methods, such as electrostimulation, optogenetic stimulation, and vibrostimulation.

    “Existing literature has documented several types of stimulation methods, such as electrostimulation, optogenetic stimulation, and vibrostimulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tactile and proprioceptive restoration as well as motor rehabilitation can be achieved by stimulating the corresponding sensory and motor nerves.

    “Collectively, tactile and proprioceptive restoration as well as motor rehabilitation can be achieved by stimulating the corresponding sensory and motor nerves.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Compared with non-invasive electrical stimulators, implantable electrodes can be placed precisely on specific sensory and motor nerves, which makes sensory feedback and modulation therapy more natural and effective.

    “Compared to non-invasive electrical stimulators, implantable electrodes can be precisely inserted or attached to specific sensory afferent and motor efferent nerves, allowing sensory feedback and modulation therapy to be more natural and effective.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Heat therapy is another promising application of thermal actuators for rehabilitation.

    “Heat therapy is another promising application of thermal actuators for rehabilitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In most cases, both heating and cooling are needed in thermal feedback stimulation.

    “In most cases, both heating and cooling are needed in thermal feedback stimulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    From the perspective of haptic restoration, stimulation is the user-input portion of the bidirectional information interface between the human body and prosthesis.

    “From the perspective of haptic restoration, stimulation is the user-input portion of the bidirectional information interface between the human body and prosthesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In a multifunctional device for diagnosis and therapy of movement disorders, heaters can degrade physical bonding between nanoparticles and drugs, allowing pharmacological agents loaded in the nanoparticles to diffuse transdermally.

    “In this platform, heaters can degrade the physical bonding between the nanoparticles and the drugs, and pharmacological agents loaded in the nanoparticles are thus diffused transdermally (Figure 14G).[513]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [513] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Using the Peltier heat absorption phenomenon, the cooling surface temperature can be effectively reduced.

    “Taking advantage of this heat absorption phenomenon, the cooling surface temperature can be effectively reduced.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Although the response speed of thermal actuators can be improved by material, structure, and power, recovery from high to low temperature is usually slow, and this thermal inertia is a concern.

    “However, the recovery from high to low temperature is usually a slow process. Such thermal inertia is a matter of concern.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Mechanical soft actuators are subject to long-term dynamic changes that make them highly susceptible to fatigue failure.

    “Moreover, unlike other static devices, mechanical soft actuators are subject to long-term dynamic changes that are highly susceptible to fatigue failure of the device.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A pliable Ag-Au nanocomposite elastomer thermal actuating patch shows small resistance changes and stable heating during deformation, and its softness ensures firm skin contact and reliable heat transfer even when the wrist is flexed or extended.

    “Thermal actuating patch based on this material show small changes in resistance and stable heating properties during deformation. The softness of the patch ensures a firm contact with the skin and reliable heat transfer even when the wrist is flexed or extended.[503]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [503] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A flexible epidermal heater can directly feed thermal information perceived by prosthesis sensors back to the skin of the residual limb accurately, functioning as AR/VR in the thermal dimension.

    “Besides, the flexible epidermal heater can directly feedback the thermal information perceived by the sensors on prosthesis from the outside world back to the skin of the residual limb accurately, which can also be referred to as the AR/VR in the thermal dimension.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Flexible stimulators have garnered attention from academia, industry, and users.

    “Thus, they have garnered the attention of academia, industry, and users.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Joule heating is the thermal effect of electric current commonly found in resistors.

    “The Joule heating is the thermal effect of electric current that is commonly found in resistors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Thermodynamics are no more than heating and cooling, and the electrothermal mechanisms of these two modes are almost constant: the Joule thermal effect and the Peltier cooling effect.

    “Thermodynamics are no more than heating and cooling, and the electrothermal mechanism of these two modes are almost constant, i.e., the Joule thermal effect and the Peltier cooling effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisecitation

    Most flexible Peltier devices developed are partially deformable by using small-sized rigid materials embedded in soft substrates.

    “Most”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [511] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Mechanical and thermal actuations are the two dominant types of actuation in both the human body and soft artificial devices.

    “Mechanical and thermal actuations are the two dominant types of actuation both in human body and soft artificial devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Linear-type spinal probes are less invasive and easier to implant, but paddle-type probes have a better stimulation effect.

    “The former is less invasiveness and easier to implant. But the latter one have a better stimulation effect.[547]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [547] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Optogenetics still exists mainly in theoretical and animal experiments, with few practical applications to humans currently.

    “In spite of its appealing advantages and functions, optogenetics is still mainly exist in theoretical and animal experiments, without few practical applications to humans, currently.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Light delivery is a vexing challenge in optogenetic applications, which typically require implantable optical stimulators.

    “Light delivery has proven to be a vexing challenge in optogenetic applications, which typically require implantable optical stimulators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    LIFEs are wire-shaped and flexible to accommodate radial bending of cable-like nerves.

    “LIFEs tend to be wire-shaped and flexible to accommodate the radial bending of cable-like nerves.[553]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [553] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Using commercial 2D stimulation electrodes (silicone sheet 4 cm × 4 cm, 1 mm thick, 60 electrodes), electrical stimulation can modulate sensory intensity, type of sensation, and evocation of sensation from fingers to upper arm.

    “by using commercial 2D stimulation electrodes, which consist of a silicone sheet (4 cm × 4 cm in size and 1 mm thick) and 60 electrodes facing the brain (Figure 15A), researchers have found that sensory intensity, type of sensation, and evocation of sensation from a range of locations from the fingers to the upper arm can be modulated by electrical stimulation (Figure 15B).[546]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [546] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Titanium nitrides and oxides (TiN and TiO2) are popular for capacitive electrical stimulators because they are chemically inert and have high electrochemical safety limits.

    “Generally, nitrides and oxides of titanium (TiN and TiO2) are popular options for capacitive electrical stimulators due to their chemical inertness and high electrochemical safety limitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Traditionally, capacitive and Faraday electrical stimulation occur simultaneously on the surface of metal stimulating electrodes such as Au and Pt.

    “Traditionally, capacitive and Faraday electrical stimulation occurs simultaneously on the surface of metal stimulating electrodes (Au and Pt).[530,531]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [530] source
    • cites [531] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The spinal location of e-dura allows multiple stimulation types, including electrical modulation and local drug application, to alleviate neurological defects over a long period.

    “This spinal location allows for multitype stimulations, like electrical modulation and local drug application to alleviate the neurological defects for a long time.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [548] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A PI-Pt-IrOx stack was inserted transversely into a peripheral nerve with a pre-attached needle as an example of TIME.

    “As an example of TIME, a PI-Pt-IrOx stack was inserted into the peripheral nerve in a transverse manner with the aid of a pre-attached needle.[552]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [552] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    By mimicking the mechanical properties (modulus, thickness) of human skin, most flexible wearable devices are becoming more comfortable and conformable than rigid stimulators for direct attachment to human skin and evoking sensory and motor function.

    “By mimicking the mechanical properties (modulus, thickness) of human skin, most flexible wearable devices are becoming more comfortable and conformable than rigid stimulators to attach on human skin directly and evoke the sensory and motor function.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For force stimuli, the location of the stimulus within the array, the magnitude of the force, and the direction of the stimulus force are all relevant factors.

    “E.g. for force stimuli, the location of the stimulus within the array, the magnitude of the force, and even the direction of the stimulus force are all relevant factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Electromagnetic stimulators can balance the frequency range and magnitude of stimulation force, based on the force applied to a conductor in a magnetic field.

    “In addition to the stimulation principles mentioned above, electromagnetic stimulator can balance the frequency range and the magnitude of the stimulation force, whose mechanism is the based on the force applied to the conductor in a magnetic field.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Conventional electrical stimulators cannot work without bulky power sources, which greatly confines their portability.

    “Conventional electrical stimulators cannot work without bulky power sources, which greatly confined their portability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DEAs naturally have advantages such as an extremely wide range of stimulation frequencies and easy integration at high spatial density.

    “When it comes to the high bandwidth vibro-stimulation, it is necessary to mention DEAs,[586–591] which naturally have the advantages like an extremely wide range of stimulation frequencies and easy integration at high spatial density.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [586] source
    • cites [587] source
    • cites [588] source
    • cites [589] source
    • cites [590] source
    • cites [591] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several mechanisms of micromechanical stimulation have been reported, including forces generated by fluids (hydraulic, pneumatic) and heat-induced deformation.

    “Several mechanisms of micromechanical stimulation have been reported, common ones such as forces generated by fluids (hydraulic, pneumatic),[579,580] heat-induced deformation,[581–583] etc.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [579] source
    • cites [580] source
    • cites [581] source
    • cites [582] source
    • cites [583] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    DEAs have drawbacks hindering adoption, including limited actuation force and amplitude and the need for high operating voltage (more than 1 kV).

    “However, there are still some drawbacks that hinder its adoption, such as limited actuation force and amplitude, and the need for high operating voltage (more 1kV).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Compared with implantable stimulators, noninvasive stimulators require no surgical intervention, which greatly enhances convenience and safety of stimulation.

    “Compared with implantable stimulators, noninvasive stimulators needn’t any surgical intervention, which greatly enhances the convenience and safety of stimulation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These noninvasive methods can serve as multidimensional, multisensory complements to VR/AR in HMI for a more immersive and realistic experience.

    “These methods also can serve as multidimensional, multisensory complements to VR/AR in HMI for a more immersive and realistic experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A coin-sized (18 mm) electromagnetic exciter has a milliampere operating current, a Young's modulus of 130 kPa close to skin modulus, and an output amplitude of 300 μm.

    “For example, Figure 16A shows a coin-sized (18 mm) electromagnetic exciter with a milliampere operating current, a Young's modulus of 130 kPa, close to the skin modulus, and an output amplitude of 300 μm (Figure 16B and 16C).[598]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [598] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Physical integration of sensors and actuators, and communication and transformation of in vivo signal-electrical signal-physical information, are potentially challenges for deepening scientific research.

    “Among these, the physical integration of sensors and actuators, the communication and transformation of in vivo signal-electrical signal-physical information are potentially challenges for the deepening of scientific research.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Machine learning enhanced hardware design can help limit the number of sensors and electronics needed to collect data.

    “Machine learning enhanced hardware design can help limit the number of sensors and electronics needed to collect data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Under the guidance of the signal, the soft robot (prosthesis) moves and perceives external information using the e-skin mounted on the actuator.

    “Under the guidance of the signal, the soft robots (prosthesis) moves and perceives external information using the e-skin mounted on the actuator.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    In sensors, the balance and optimization of sensitivity, linearity, response time, limit of detection, measuring range, hysteresis and other properties are constantly pursued by the academic community.

    “In sensors, the balance and optimization of sensitivity, linearity, response time, limit of detection, measuring range, hysteresis and other properties are constantly pursued by the academic community.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    System integration is the ultimate goal for biomimetic prosthetics and is a closed loop where all the above-mentioned device types are connected.

    “System integration is the ultimate goal for biomimetic prosthetics and is a closed loop where all the above-mentioned device types are connected.[621]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [621]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The fabrication of many flexible devices and electronics is still based on manual work, which increases uncertainty of device performance and difficulty of mass production.

    “The fabrication of many flexible devices and electronics is still based on manual work, which increases the uncertainty of the device performance as well as the difficulty of mass production.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Maintaining proper power supply is another important issue in HMI devices.

    “Maintaining proper power supply is another important issue in HMI devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    For neural interfaces, impedance in recording and charge injection capability in stimulation are key properties.

    “While for neural interfaces, impedance in recording and charge injection capability in stimulation are key properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There have been many outstanding examples of exploiting machine learning in sensors and actuators, such as extracting motion intent from electrophysiological signals, using haptics to identify object categories, decoupling multimodal signals from cross-reactive sensor arrays, and controlling soft robots.

    “There have been many outstanding examples of exploiting machine learning in the field of sensors and actuators, such as extracting motion intent from electrophysiological signals,[287,610] using haptics to identify object categories,[160,611] decoupling multimodal signals from cross-reactive sensor arrays,[231,612] and controlling soft robots[613,614].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [287] source
    • cites [610] source
    • cites [160] source
    • cites [611] source
    • cites [231] source
    • cites [612] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The reason humans are specialized in perception and movement is not only the excellent performance of receptors and musculoskeletons but also the brain's skill in processing raw information.

    “The reason why humans are specialized in perception and movement is not only due to the excellent performance of receptors and musculoskeletons, but also because the brain is skilled in processing this raw information.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Sensors, recorders, artificial neurons, actuators, and stimulators are all devices based on soft technologies that acquire and process information from external environments and the human body.

    “Sensors, recorders, artificial neurons, actuators, and stimulators are all devices that are based on soft technologies that acquire and process information from external environments and the human body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Each of these systems is subjected to human movement, requiring dexterity as the devices change shape.

    “Each of these systems is thereby subjected to human movement, requiring dexterity as the devices change shape.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    High-density implantable electrical stimulators can easily exceed cell safety limits while achieving stimulation margins.

    “for example, high-density implantable electrical stimulators can easily exceed cell safety limits while achieving stimulation margins.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Stimulators consume much more energy than sensors.

    “One of the differences between stimulators and sensors is that stimulators consume much more energy than sensors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Flexible devices serve as interfaces that establish a solid foundation for the human body to obtain external information or receive therapeutic treatment.

    “These flexible devices serve as interfaces that establish a solid foundation for the human body to obtain external information or to receive therapeutic treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Researchers are currently investigating wireless-powered and self-powered devices, which is of utmost importance for invasive devices that currently require surgery for battery replacement.

    “Researchers are currently investigating wireless-powered and self-powered devices, which is of upmost important for invasive devices that currently require surgery for battery replacement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Various implantable or wearable stimulators have unique advantages, and multimodal stimulation is a potentially advantageous pooling option.

    “Various implantable or wearable stimulators have unique advantages, and multimodal stimulation is a potentially advantageous pooling option.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to structural, material, or fabrication limitations, the spatial density of many stimulation arrays is limited.

    “Next challenge is stimulation density, due to structural, material, or fabrication limitations, the spatial density of many stimulation arrays is limited”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Flexible electrophysiological recorders capture movement intent from the human body, decode it, and form a prosthetic control signal.

    “Specifically, flexible electrophysiological recorders capture the movement intent from human body, decodes it, and forms a prosthetic control signal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    A flexible prosthetic system has a representative flow of information with various integrated components.

    “A flexible prosthetic system has a representative flow of information with various integrated components.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Interface problems mainly arise in heterogeneous integration of different materials, such as material bonding and embedding, which can be addressed by micromechanics, chemical bonding links, etc.

    “For both of these examples, interface problems mainly arise in heterogeneous integration of different materials, such as for material bonding and embedding, which can be addressed by micromechanics, chemical bonding links, etc.[609]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [609] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    This information is stimulated back to the body in the form of biocompatible signals through the flexible stimulator, constituting a complete closed-loop.

    “In turn, this information is stimulated back to the body in the form of biocompatible signals through the flexible stimulator, constituting a complete closed-loop.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Many conceptual devices based on various materials have been validated in academic laboratories.

    “While many conceptual devices based on various materials have been validated in academic laboratories.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electrophysiological signals recorded by a flexible recorder are processed by machine learning algorithms to decode movement intentions, which can be used to control a soft robotic hand.

    “For example, the electrophysiological signals recorded by a flexible recorder are processed by machine learning algorithms to decode movement intentions, which can be used to control a soft robotic hand.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Actuation range, amplitude, frequency, and response time are criteria that determine the performance of soft actuators.

    “Actuation range, amplitude, frequency, response time are the criteria that determine the performance of soft actuators.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tailoring the fabrication technique to a mass-producible platform or exploring new processing technologies can boost the market application of low-cost soft devices.

    “Therefore, tailoring the fabrication technique to such mass-producible platform or exploring new processing technologies can boost the market application of these low-cost soft devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Traditional tethered and battery power suffer from motion restrictions and sophisticated recharging processes respectively, which are obstacles to the application of both wearable and implantable devices.

    “Traditional tethered and battery power suffer from motion restrictions and sophisticated recharging processes respectively, which are obstacles to the application of both wearable and implantable devices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Most hardware research is still delinked from intelligent algorithms.

    “However, most of the hardware research is still delinked from intelligent algorithms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This bridging role is especially true in medical robotics for people with disabilities, such as prosthetic engineering and rehabilitation science.

    “This is especially true in medical robotics for people with disabilities, such as prosthetic engineering, rehabilitation science and other related fields.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Soft devices involve comprehensive technologies, including flexible sensing, soft actuation, brain-machine interface, and other relevant domains.

    “Soft devices involve extremely comprehensive technologies, including flexible sensing, soft actuation, brain-machine interface and other relevant domains.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    These devices integrate information flow from the human body with that from the external environment and use ML methods for deep processing to control machines for target actuation effects or feedback to humans in a biocompatible form.

    “These devices based on new materials and structures integrate the information flow from the human body with that from the external environment, and use ML methods for deep processing to control machines for achieving target actuation effects or feedback to humans themselves in a biocompatible form.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For wireless energy, NFCs and ultrasonic are good powering methods, but still need the energy transmitter and receiving energy at a certain range.

    “For wireless energy, NFCs[568] and ultrasonic[372] are good powering methods, but still need the energy transmitter, as well as receiving energy at a certain range”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [568] source
    • cites [372] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    For soft devices with high energy consumption, such as soft prostheses, the energy supply method still needs further exploration.

    “However, for soft devices with high energy consumption, such as soft prostheses, the energy supply method still needs to be further explored.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Implantable systems for motion-related epilepsy rely on real-time acquisition and analysis of pre-seizure brain electrical signals and perform compensatory electrical stimulation to eliminate abnormal brain waves and stop the epilepsy midway.

    “For example, implantable systems for motion-related epilepsy rely on real-time acquisition and analysis of pre-seizure brain electrical signals and perform compensatory electrical stimulation to eliminate abnormal brain waves and stop the epilepsy midway.[606]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [606] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because of favorable biocompatibility, high bionic, low-cost, and safety features, soft electronics and devices can gradually shoulder the role of bridging the gap between humans and machines.

    “Because of favorable biocompatibility, high bionic, low-cost, and safety features, soft electronics and devices, a field that has emerged in recent decades, can gradually shoulder the role of bridging the gap between the human and machines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The potential development of flexible devices for many stimulation mechanisms, such as acoustic stimulation, is still not receiving community attention.

    “Finally, the potential development of flexible devices for many stimulation mechanisms is still not receiving community attention, such as acoustic stimulation, and these flexible devices can also potentially be explored as interfaces for HMI.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
284 of 284

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    E-skin can capture thermal, humidity, physiological, chemical, and tactile sensations better than human skin while maintaining high spatiotemporal resolution under varying strain.

    “Now the base of many wearable devices, e-skin has been shown to outperformed human skin in capturing thermal, humidity, physiological, various chemical, and tactile sensations while maintaining a high spatiotemporal resolution under varying degrees of strain.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Recording multimodal chemical, temperature, and pressure signals can drain power and electrically interfere with sensor reading accuracy.

    “Unfortunately, recording these multimodal chemical, temperature, and pressure signals can drain power and electrically interfere with the accuracy of sensor readings.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The inherent limitation of wearable robotics is that electronics are not recognized as an extension of the human body, causing high cognitive effort for the user to control.

    “At its core, the inherent limitation of wearable robotics is that the electronics are not recognized as an extension of the human body, resulting in a high cognitive effort for the user to control.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most existing commercial prostheses lack sensory capabilities, preventing amputees from actively and passively perceiving external information and diminishing the user's ownership of the prosthesis.

    “Most existing commercial prostheses lack sensory capabilities and prevent amputees from actively and passively perceiving external information, which dramatically diminishing the user's ownership of the prosthesis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Integrating e-skins may limit their sensing performance.

    “However, integrating e-skins may limit their sensing performance.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The user's intentions can be extracted from the activation of the remnant muscles.

    “The exploration of electromyography for prosthesis control is based on the assumption that the user’s intentions can be extracted from the activation of the remnant muscles.[364,365]”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Electrical signals are the predominant form of nerve excitation in the human body.

    “Electrical signals are the predominant form of nerve excitation propagating in the human body.”
7 of 7

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 27

  1. Coco D. L., 2016, Vasc Health Risk Manage, 12, 105
  2. Ashley M. J., 2012, Cerebrum, 2012, 8
  3. W.‐K.Song H.‐Y.Lee J.‐S.Kim Y.‐S.Yoon Z.Bien inProc. of the 20th Annual Int. Conf. of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond (Cat. No. 98CH36286) IEEE Piscataway NJ1998 pp.2682–2685.
  4. Clippinger F. W., 1974, Bull. Prosthet. Res., 10, 247
  5. Gu G., 2021, Nat. Biomed. Eng.
  6. Farina D., 2021, Nat. Biomed. Eng.
  7. Jung P.‐G., 2015, IEEE Trans Ind. Inf., 11, 485
  8. Ghamari M., 2018, Int. J. Biosens. Bioelectron., 4, 195
  9. Furui A., 2019, Sci. Rob., 4, 31
  10. Hahne J. M., 2018, Sci. Rob., 3, 19
  11. Guo L., 2012, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst., 7, 1
  12. Won S. M., 2021, Nat. Biomed. Eng.
  13. 10.1038/nature16492 · DOI · Paper page
  14. Dweiri Y. M., 2016, J. Visualized Exp., 54388
  15. Boretius T., 2012, 2012 4th IEEE RAS EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), 282
  16. Yang G., 2018, IEEE J. Transl. Eng. Health Med., 6, 1
  17. Yap H. K., 2015, 2015 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 4967
  18. Klute G. K., 1999, 1999 IEEE/ASME Int. Conf. on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (Cat. No.99TH8399), 221
  19. Marchese A. D., 2014, 2014 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2189
  20. Morrow J., 2016, 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 5024
  21. Park Y.‐L., 2014, 2014 IEEE Int. Conf. on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 4805
  22. Arjun A., 2016, 2016 IEEE Int. Conf. on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE), 910
  23. Zamanian A. H., 2018, Am. Soc. Mech. Eng. Digital Collect., 1, V001T12A006
  24. Muthukumarana S., 2020, Proc. of the 2020 CHI Conf. on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1
  25. Withana A., 2018, Proc. of the 31st Annual ACM Symp. on User Interface Software and Technology, 365
  26. Bern J. M., 2020, 2020 3rd IEEE Int. Conf. on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft), 417
  27. Wang M., 2021, Trends Chem.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Heng, W., Solomon, S., & Gao, W.
Affiliations
California Institute of Technology (US)
Corresponding author
Gao, Wei
ORCID
Venue
Advanced Materials
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2022-02-25
Volume
34
Issue
16
Pages
e2107902-e2107902
ISSN
  • 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
  • 1521-4095
DOI
10.1002/adma.202107902
PMC
PMC9035141
OpenAlex
W4200567725
Cited by
609
References
615
Citations by year
2026: 113 · 2025: 156 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 133 · 2022: 42
FWCI
7.19
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Advanced Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (R01HL155815)
  • Office of Naval Research (N00014‐21‐1‐2483, N00014‐21‐1‐2845)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX16AO69A)
  • California Institute of Technology
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Soft Robotics and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
Keywords
flexible electronics, human-machine interaction, medical robotics, soft robotics, prosthetics, rehabilitation devices, biomaterials, physiological sensing, physiological recording
MeSH terms
Electronics, Humans, Quality of Life, Robotics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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