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Cited by 177Electrochemical sensors and biosensorsAdvanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting MaterialsAnalytical Chemistry and Sensors

Wearable Sweat Band for Noninvasive Levodopa Monitoring

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Tai, Li-Chia, Liaw, Tiffany S., Lin, Yuanjing, Nyein, Hnin Y. Y., Bariya, Mallika, Ji, Wenbo, Hettick, Mark, Zhao, Chunsong +5 more·2019·Nano Letters
DOI 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02478
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Abstract

Levodopa is the standard medication clinically prescribed to patients afflicted with Parkinson's disease. In particular, the monitoring and optimization of levodopa dosage are critical to mitigate the onset of undesired fluctuations in the patients' physical and emotional conditions such as speech function, motor behavior, and mood stability. The traditional approach to optimize levodopa dosage involves evaluating the subjects' motor function, which has many shortcomings due to its subjective and limited quantifiable nature. Here, we present a wearable sweat band on a nanodendritic platform that quantitatively monitors levodopa dynamics in the body. Both stationary iontophoretic induction and physical exercise are utilized as our methods of sweat extraction. The sweat band measures real-time pharmacokinetic profiles of levodopa to track the dynamic response of the drug metabolism. We demonstrated the sweat band's functionalities on multiple subjects with implications toward the systematic administering of levodopa and routine management of Parkinson's disease.

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  • Some locomotor system diseases cause abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson's disease and uric acid in gout.

    “Moreover, some diseases of the locomotor system provoke abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson’s disease[246–248] uric acid in gout,[45] which are very important evaluation factors.”

    From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [247]

    The Levodopa Monitoring > Abstract passages describe L-dopa as a medication for Parkinson’s disease, not a biomarker elevated by the disease. The on-body study reports increased sweat L-dopa after fava-bean consumption and almost zero concentration without it. The gout example has a separate citation and is not assessed against this source. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • Sweat pH could potentially reflect acid-base disorders, chloride levels are relevant to testing for cystic fibrosis and potentially for hydration status and electrolyte stores, and levodopa testing through sweat could be used toward precision medicine for Parkinson's patients.

    “Sweat pH could potentially reflect acid–base disorders, chloride levels are relevant to testing for cystic fibrosis and potentially for hydration status and electrolyte stores, and levodopa testing through sweat could be used toward precision medicine for Parkinson’s patients14,27,28.”

    From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [28]

    Split into 3 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

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  • All sensors show high sensitivity within the physiological range, with linear calibration curves, reproducibility, stability, and bending tests.

    “All sensors show high sensitivity within the physiological range, with linear calibration curves shown in Supplementary Fig. 9 as well as reproducibility, stability, and bending tests shown in Supplementary Fig. 10 and Supplementary Fig. 1114,27,28.”

    From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [28]

    The sensor-characterization passages (section labeled “Levodopa Monitoring > Abstract”; no page given) report a high-sensitivity levodopa response in a physiologically relevant range and calibration curves in PBS and sweat. The same section reports stability, and Additional information lists a long-term drift test. Our copy does not report reproducibility or bending tests, nor does this single levodopa-sensor study establish the claim for all sensors. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The optimized levodopa sensor shows 2.5× enhanced sensitivity per unit area compared to the previously developed sensor despite its smaller detection area, and has a response time under 20 s.

    “Our sensor shows 2.5× enhanced sensitivity per unit area compared to the previously developed sensor28 despite its smaller detection area, and has a response time under 20 s.”

    From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [28]

  • A small voltage applied to the levodopa sensor drives oxidation of levodopa by the tyrosinase enzyme, producing a Faradaic current that can be calibrated into a measure of levodopa concentration.

    “A small voltage applied to the levodopa sensor drives oxidation of levodopa by the tyrosinase enzyme, producing a Faradaic current that can be calibrated into a measure of levodopa concentration28.”

    From A wearable patch for continuous analysis of thermoregulatory sweat at rest (2021) · cites this paper as [28]

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Authors
Tai, L.-C., Liaw, T. S., Lin, Y., Nyein, H. Y. Y., Bariya, M., Ji, W., Hettick, M., Zhao, C., Zhao, J., Hou, L., Yuan, Z., Fan, Z., & Javey, A.
Affiliations
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
  • Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HK)
Corresponding author
Javey, Ali
ORCID
Venue
Nano Letters
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2019-08-05
Volume
19
Issue
9
Pages
6346-6351
ISSN
  • 1530-6984 (ISSN-L)
  • 1530-6992
DOI
10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02478
OpenAlex
W2966506527
Cited by
177
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 2
FWCI
7.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Nano Letters (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
  • Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Basic Energy Sciences (DE-AC02-05CH11231)
  • National Science Foundation
  • Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Bioengineering › Analytical Chemistry and Sensors
Keywords
sweat analysis, Parkinson's disease, iontophoresis, pharmacokinetics, drug dosing optimization, drug metabolism, non-invasive drug monitoring
MeSH terms
Wearable Electronic Devices, Female, Humans, Levodopa, Parkinson Disease, Sweat, Drug Monitoring

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