The vagaries of variegating transgenes

Position-independent, high-level expression of the human β-globin gene in transgenic mice

Grosveld, F. G., van Assendelft, G. B., Greaves, D. R., & Kollias, G. A. (1987) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(87)90584-8 · Cited by 1,908 · see citing works

GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION OF MICE

Palmiter, R. D., & Brinster, R. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.20.120186.002341 · Cited by 1,157 · see citing works

DNA methylation and gene activity

Cedar, H. (1988) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(88)90479-5 · Cited by 907 · see citing works

Expansions of transgene repeats cause heterochromatin formation and gene silencing in Drosophila

Dorer, D. R. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90439-1 · Cited by 504 · see citing works

Silent domains are assembled continuously from the telomere and are defined by promoter distance and strength, and by SIR3 dosage.Preprint

Renauld, H., Aparicio, O. M., Zierath, P. D., Billington, B. L., Chhablani, S. K., & Gottschling, D. E. (1993) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.7.7a.1133 · Cited by 462 · see citing works

The Phenomenon of Position Effect

Lewis, E. B. (1950) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60083-8 · Cited by 440 · see citing works

The basics of basal transcription by RNA polymerase II

Buratowski, S. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90226-7 · Cited by 410 · see citing works

Locus Control Region Function and Heterochromatin-Induced Position Effect Variegation

Festenstein, R., Tolaini, M., Corbella, P., Mamalaki, C., Parrington, J. M., Fox, M., Miliou, A., Jones, M., & Kioussis, D. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5252.1123 · Cited by 362 · see citing works

A Polycomb response element in the Ubx gene that determines an epigenetically inherited state of repression.

Chan, C. S., Rastelli, L., & Pirrotta, V. (1994) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06545.x · Cited by 359 · see citing works

Position effect variegation at fission yeast centromeres

Allshire, R. C., Javerzat, J., Redhead, N. J., & Cranston, G. (1994) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90180-5 · Cited by 331 · see citing works

Genetic modification of heterochromatic association and nuclear organization in Drosophila

Csink, A. K., & Henikoff, S. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/381529a0 · Cited by 311 · see citing works

Position effect variegation and chromatin proteins

Reute, G., & Spierer, P. (1992) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950140907 · Cited by 309 · see citing works

A sequence motif found in aDrosophilaheterochromatin protein is conserved in animals and plants

Singh, P. B., Miller, J., Pearce, J., Kothary, R., Burton, R. D., Paro, R., James, T. C., & Gaunt, S. J. (1991) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/19.4.789 · Cited by 293 · see citing works

Epigenetic changes in the expression of the maize A1 gene inPetunia hybrida: Role of numbers of integrated gene copies and state of methylation

Linne, F., Heidmann, I., Saedler, H., & Meyer, P. (1990) · Molecular and General Genetics MGG · doi:10.1007/bf00633837 · Cited by 281 · see citing works

Overcoming telomeric silencing: a trans-activator competes to establish gene expression in a cell cycle-dependent way.Preprint

Aparicio, O. M., & Gottschling, D. E. (1994) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.8.10.1133 · Cited by 266 · see citing works

polyhomeotic regulatory sequences induce developmental regulator-dependent variegation and targeted P-element insertions in Drosophila.Preprint

Fauvarque, M., & Dura, J. (1993) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.7.8.1508 · Cited by 198 · see citing works

Transcriptional enhancers act in cis to suppress position-effect variegation.Preprint

Walters, M. C., Magis, W., Fiering, S., Eidemiller, J., Scalzo, D., Groudine, M. T., & Martin, D. I. K. (1996) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.10.2.185 · Cited by 185 · see citing works

Heterochromatin: Molecular and Structural Aspects

Chandley, A. C. (1989) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.26.5.352 · Cited by 182 · see citing works

Position effect variegation in the mouse

Cattanach, B. M. (1974) · Genetics Research · doi:10.1017/s0016672300014932 · Cited by 180 · see citing works

Conversion of Normal Behavior to Shiverer by Myelin Basic Protein Antisense cDNA in Transgenic Mice

Katsuki, M., Sato, M., Kimura, M., Yokoyama, M., Kobayashi, K., & Nomura, T. (1988) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2456614 · Cited by 176 · see citing works

Transgenic mice containing intestinal fatty acid-binding protein-human growth hormone fusion genes exhibit correct regional and cell-specific expression of the reporter gene in their small intestine.

Sweetser, D. A., Hauft, S. M., Hoppe, P. C., Birkenmeier, E. H., & Gordon, J. I. (1988) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.85.24.9611 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Position-dependent variegation of globin transgene expression in mice.

Robertson, G., Garrick, D., Wu, W. W., Kearns, M., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.12.5371 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Paramutation, an allelic interaction, is associated with a stable and heritable reduction of transcription of the maize b regulatory gene.

Patterson, G. I., Thorpe, C. J., & Chandler, V. L. (1993) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/135.3.881 · Cited by 155 · see citing works

A ribosomal DNA promoter replacing the promoter of a telomeric VSG gene expression site can be efficiently switched on and off in T. brucei

Rudenko, G., Blundell, P. A., Dirks‐Mulder, A., Kieft, R., & Borst, P. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90094-2 · Cited by 145 · see citing works

A developmentally regulated position effect at a telomeric locus in Trypanosoma brucei

Horn, D., & Cross, G. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90095-0 · Cited by 139 · see citing works

The mouse has a Polycomb-Wke chromobox gene

Pearce, J., Singh, P. B., & Gaunt, S. J. (1992) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.114.4.921 · Cited by 133 · see citing works

White gene expression, repressive chromatin domains and homeotic gene regulation in Drosophila

Pirrotta, V., & Rastelli, L. (1994) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950160808 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Dosage‐dependent modification of position‐effect variegation in Drosophla

Henikoff, S. (1996) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950180510 · Cited by 103 · see citing works

Age-dependent silencing of globin transgenes in the mouse

Robertson, G. (1996) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/24.8.1465 · Cited by 93 · see citing works

Good genes in bad neighbourhoods

Bedell, M. A., Jenkins, N. A., & Copeland, N. G. (1996) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0396-229 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Position effect and related phenomena

Henikoff, S. (1992) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80114-5 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Developmental regulation of human gamma-globin genes in transgenic mice.

Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Josephson, B. M., Zhang, J. W., & Li, Q. (1993) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.13.12.7636 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Chromosomal position effects determine transcriptional potential of integrated mammary tumor virus DNA

Feinstein, S. C., Ross, S. R., & Yamamoto, K. R. (1982) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90266-2 · Cited by 90 · see citing works

Propagating memory of transcriptional states

Paro, R. (1995) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/s0168-9525(00)89081-2 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Cellular mosaicism in the methylation and expression of hemizygous loci in the mouse.Preprint

McGowan, R., Campbell, R., Peterson, A. C., & Sapienza, C. (1989) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.3.11.1669 · Cited by 84 · see citing works

Analysis of the human alpha-globin gene cluster in transgenic mice.

Sharpe, J. A., Wells, D. J., Whitelaw, E., Vyas, P., Higgs, D. R., & Wood, W. G. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.23.11262 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Modulation of transfected gene expression mediated by changes in chromatin structure

Davies, R. L., Fuhrer-Krüsi, S. M., & Kucherlapati, R. (1982) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(82)90308-7 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Do transgene arrays form heterochromatin in vertebrates?

Dorer, D. R. (1997) · Transgenic Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018460413680 · Cited by 56 · see citing works

Random activation of a transgene under the control of a hybrid hCD2 locus control region/Ig enhancer regulatory element.

Elliott, J. I., Festenstein, R., Tolaini, M., & Kioussis, D. (1995) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb07033.x · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Mosaic expression of a tyrosinase fusion gene in albino mice yields a heritable striped coat color pattern in transgenic homozygotes.

Mintz, B., & Bradl, M. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.21.9643 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

Analysis of a 70 kb segment of DNA containing the human ζ and α-globin genes linked to their regulatory element (HS-40) in transgenic mice

Gourdon, G., Sharpe, J. A., Wells, D. J., et al. (1994) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/22.20.4139 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Silencing: the establishment and inheritance of stable, repressed transcription states

Rivier, D. H., & Rine, J. (1992) · Current Opinion in Genetics & Development · doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(05)80286-2 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Limited transcription of rat elastase I transgene repeats in transgenic mice.Preprint

Davis, B. P., & MacDonald, R. J. (1988) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.2.1.13 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Varied Interactions Between Proviruses and Adjacent Host Chromatin

Conklin, K. F., & Groudine, M. T. (1986) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.6.11.3999 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Mosaic expression of an Hprt transgene integrated in a region of Y heterochromatin

Pravtcheva, D. D., Wise, T. L., Ensor, N. J., & Ruddle, F. H. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Zoology · doi:10.1002/jez.1402680606 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Analysis of the Developmental and Transcriptional Potentiation Functions of 5′HS2 of the Murine β-Globin Locus Control Region in Transgenic Mice

Enver, T., Li, Q., Gale, K. B., et al. (1994) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1006/dbio.1994.1277 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Macromolecular Synthesis and Degradation during Terminal Erythroid Cell Development

Bonanou‐Tzedaki, S. A., & Arnstein, H. R. V. (1990) · Blood cell biochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9528-8_5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Repeat-induced gene silencing in mammals

Garrick, D., Fiering, S., Martin, D. I. K., & Whitelaw, E. (1998) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0198-56 · Cited by 887 · see citing works

Step-wise methylation of histone H3K9 positions heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery

Towbin, B. D., González-Aguilera, C., Sack, R., Gaidatzis, D., Kalck, V., Meister, P., Askjaer, P., & Gasser, S. M. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.051 · Cited by 597 · see citing works

An <i>N</i> -ethyl- <i>N</i> -nitrosourea screen for genes involved in variegation in the mouse

Blewitt, M. E., Vickaryous, N. K., Hemley, S. J., Ashe, A., Bruxner, T. J., Preis, J. I., Arkell, R., & Whitelaw, E. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409375102 · Cited by 186 · see citing works

A genome-wide screen for modifiers of transgene variegation identifies genes with critical roles in development

Ashe, A., Morgan, D. K., Whitelaw, N. C., Bruxner, T. J., Vickaryous, N. K., Cox, L. L., Butterfield, N. C., Wicking, C., Blewitt, M. E., Wilkins, S. J., et al. (2008) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-12-r182 · Cited by 117 · see citing works

<i>De novo</i> generation of adipocytes from circulating progenitor cells in mouse and human adipose tissue

Gavin, K. M., Gutman, J. A., Kohrt, W. M., Wei, Q., Shea, K. L., Miller, H. L., Sullivan, T. M., Erickson, P. F., Helm, K. M., Acosta, A. S., et al. (2016) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.15-278994 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Sensitive Flow Cytometric Analysis Reveals a Novel Type of Parent-of-Origin Effect in the Mouse Genome

Preis, J. I., Downes, M., Oates, N. A., Rasko, J. E. J., & Whitelaw, E. (2003) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(03)00335-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works

The effect of modifiers of position-effect variegation on the variegation of heterochromatic genes of Drosophila melanogaster.

Hearn, M. G., Hedrick, A., Grigliatti, T. A., & Wakimoto, B. T. (1991) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/128.4.785 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Position effect variegation and chromatin proteins

Reute, G., & Spierer, P. (1992) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.950140907 · Cited by 309 · see citing works

Position effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster: relationship between suppression effect and the amount of Y chromosome.

Dimitri, P., & Pisano, C. (1989) · Genetics · doi:10.1093/genetics/122.4.793 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Position-Effect Variegation, Heterochromatin Formation, and Gene Silencing in Drosophila

Elgin, S. C. R., & Reuter, G. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a017780 · Cited by 499 · see citing works

The Drosophila homolog of the human AF10 is an HP1‐interacting suppressor of position effect variegation

Linder, B., Gerlach, N., & Jäckle, H. (2001) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1093/embo-reports/kve039 · Cited by 29 · see citing works