Scalable Preparation of Intermetallic PtCo Fuel Cell Catalysts from Commercial Pt/C Catalysts
Open accessAbstract
Abstract Carbon‐supported intermetallic PtCo nanoparticles are among the most promising low‐platinum catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, achieving the synthesis of this catalyst with high performance in a simple and scalable manner remains a challenge. In this work, we achieve the scalable synthesis of high‐performance intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts from commercially available Pt/C catalysts through the straightforward optimization of synthesis parameters, including the deposition method of Co salts, the annealing atmosphere, and the direction of gas flow during annealing. Under optimized synthesis conditions, we prepared the intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts at a five‐gram scale with an average particle size of 3.9 ± 1.4 nm and a high ordering degree of 50%. With a 0.1 mg Pt cm −2 cathode loading, the resulting catalyst exhibits superior performance in H 2 ‐air PEMFCs showing power densities of 0.34 and 0.96 W cm − 2 at 0.8 and 0.67 V, respectively.
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- Findingown data
Increasing the synthesis scale from 0.1 to 1 g resulted in a broader particle size distribution.
“Large particles with diameters exceeding 10 nm were observed in all of these catalysts, which were rarely seen in the previously obtained SR-PtCo/C, suggesting that the increase in synthesis scale from 0.1 to 1 g resulted in a broader particle size distribution.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
With a 0.1 mg Pt cm-2 cathode loading, the optimized catalyst exhibits a power density of 0.34 W cm-2 at 0.8 V in H2-air PEMFCs.
“With a 0.1 mg Pt cm -2 cathode loading, the resulting catalyst exhibits superior performance in H 2 -air PEMFCs showing power densities of 0.34 and 0.96 W cm -2 at 0.8 and 0.67 V, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § 2.2. Electrochemical Testing · hedged
“As shown in Figure 6D, Vertical-SR-PtCo/C and SR-PtCo/C exhibited nearly identical power densities at 0.8 V (∼0.34 W cm -2 ) with the power density of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at 0.67 V (0.96 W cm -2 ) being only slightly lower than that of SR-PtCo/C (1.04 W cm -2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.2. Electrochemical Testing · hedged
- Findingown data
Vertical-SR-PtCo/C has a smaller average particle size (3.9 ± 1.4 nm) compared to Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C (5.0 ± 1.8 nm).
“Further statistical results verified that Vertical-SR-PtCo/C has a smaller average particle size (3.9 ± 1.4 nm) compared to Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C (5.0 ± 1.8 nm) (Figure 4D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C prepared at a 5 g scale exhibited lower power densities at both 0.8 V (0.30 W cm-2) and 0.67 V (0.85 W cm-2) compared to Vertical-SR-PtCo/C.
“It is worth highlighting that Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C also prepared at a 5 g scale exhibited lower power densities at both 0.8 V (0.30 W cm -2 ) and 0.67 V (0.85 W cm -2 ) compared to vertical-SR-PtCo/C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The optimized catalyst has an average particle size of 3.9 ± 1.4 nm.
“Under optimized synthesis conditions, we prepared the intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts at a five-gram scale with an average particle size of 3.9 ± 1.4 nm and a high ordering degree of 50%.”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts · plain
“Further statistical results verified that Vertical-SR-PtCo/C has a smaller average particle size (3.9 ± 1.4 nm) compared to Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C (5.0 ± 1.8 nm) (Figure 4D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts · plain
- Findingown data
Vertical-SR-PtCo/C after post-treatment has a core@shell structure with an L10-PtCo intermetallic core surrounded by about three atomic layers of a Pt shell.
“Atomic resolution HAADF-STEM and the corresponding intensity profiles (Figure5D) clearly confirmed the L1 0 -PtCo intermetallic core surrounded by about three atomic layers of a Pt shell.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The optimized catalyst has an ordering degree of 50%.
“Under optimized synthesis conditions, we prepared the intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts at a five-gram scale with an average particle size of 3.9 ± 1.4 nm and a high ordering degree of 50%.”
- Also stated in: § 2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts · hedged
“Based on the XRD data (Figure 4E) and the summary in Table S1, the ordering degrees of Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C and Vertical-SR-PtCo/C were estimated to be 46% and 50% (Figure 4f), respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.1. Synthesis and Characterization of Catalysts · hedged
- Findingown data
FD-PtCo/C showed additional diffraction peaks assigned to monometallic cobalt phase, indicating a portion of cobalt did not participate in the alloying reaction.
“In contrast, the XRD pattern of FD-PtCo/C showed additional diffraction peaks at 44.2° and 51.5° assigned to the monometallic cobalt phase (JCPDS: 15-0806), suggesting that a portion of cobalt did not participate in the alloying reaction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
With a 0.1 mg Pt cm-2 cathode loading, the optimized catalyst exhibits a power density of 0.96 W cm-2 at 0.67 V in H2-air PEMFCs.
“With a 0.1 mg Pt cm -2 cathode loading, the resulting catalyst exhibits superior performance in H 2 -air PEMFCs showing power densities of 0.34 and 0.96 W cm -2 at 0.8 and 0.67 V, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § 2.2. Electrochemical Testing · plain
“As shown in Figure 6D, Vertical-SR-PtCo/C and SR-PtCo/C exhibited nearly identical power densities at 0.8 V (∼0.34 W cm -2 ) with the power density of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at 0.67 V (0.96 W cm -2 ) being only slightly lower than that of SR-PtCo/C (1.04 W cm -2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 2.2. Electrochemical Testing · plain
- Findingown data
The Pt and Co were uniformly distributed across every nanoparticle in Vertical-SR-PtCo/C.
“In Figure 5A, the EDS elemental mapping indicated that the Pt and Co were uniformly distributed across every nanoparticle.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The authors achieved scalable synthesis of high-performance intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts from commercially available Pt/C catalysts by optimizing synthesis parameters including the deposition method of Co salts, the annealing atmosphere, and the direction of gas flow during annealing.
“In this work, we achieve the scalable synthesis of high-performance intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts from commercially available Pt/C catalysts through the straightforward optimization of synthesis parameters, including the deposition method of Co salts, the annealing atmosphere, and the direction of gas flow during annealing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The single commercial Pt/C catalyst TEC10E30E is representative of commercially available Pt/C catalysts for the scalable synthesis.
- Findingown data
The power density of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at 0.67 V (0.96 W cm-2) was only slightly lower than that of SR-PtCo/C (1.04 W cm-2).
“As shown in Figure 6D, Vertical-SR-PtCo/C and SR-PtCo/C exhibited nearly identical power densities at 0.8 V (∼0.34 W cm -2 ) with the power density of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at 0.67 V (0.96 W cm -2 ) being only slightly lower than that of SR-PtCo/C (1.04 W cm -2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Using the vertical tube furnace has no noticeable effect on the ordering degree.
“These results suggested that using the vertical tube furnace is beneficial for size control under scalable synthesis conditions but has no noticeable effect on the ordering degree.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The MEA performance of H2-SR-PtCo/C is significantly advantageous over N2-SR-PtCo/C and Ar-SR-PtCo/C.
“Figure 6B presents the H 2 -air polarization curves of the three catalysts prepared under different annealing atmospheres, highlighting that the MEA performance of H 2 -SR-PtCo/C is sig- nificantly advantage over N 2 -SR-PtCo/C and Ar-SR-PtCo/C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Under optimized synthesis conditions, intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts were prepared at a five-gram scale.
“Under optimized synthesis conditions, we prepared the intermetallic PtCo/C catalysts at a five-gram scale with an average particle size of 3.9 ± 1.4 nm and a high ordering degree of 50%.”
- Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
“By integrating the optimized conditions, we successfully scaled up the synthesis of the PtCo catalyst to a nearly five gram scale achieving a particle size of 3.9 ± 1.4 nm and an ordering degree of 50%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
- Findingown data
The main diffraction peak of FD-PtCo/C (40.3°) was close to that of the intermetallic L1 2 Pt 3 Co phase (40.5°), providing evidence of incomplete alloying.
“Additionally, the main diffraction peak of FD-PtCo/C (40.3°) was close to that of the intermetallic L1 2 Pt 3 Co phase (40.5°), providing additional evidence of incomplete alloying.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Vertical-SR-PtCo/C and SR-PtCo/C exhibited nearly identical power densities at 0.8 V (~0.34 W cm-2).
“As shown in Figure 6D, Vertical-SR-PtCo/C and SR-PtCo/C exhibited nearly identical power densities at 0.8 V (∼0.34 W cm -2 ) with the power density of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at 0.67 V (0.96 W cm -2 ) being only slightly lower than that of SR-PtCo/C (1.04 W cm -2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The annealing atmosphere has no evident influence on the ordering degree.
“The ordering degrees of N 2 -SR-PtCo/C, Ar-SR-PtCo/C, and H 2 -SR-PtCo/C were determined to be 46%, 45%, and 48%, respectively (Figure 3F) indicating that the annealing atmosphere has no evident influence on the ordering degree.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
All PtCo/C catalysts outperform the pristine TKK-Pt/C catalyst.
“Figure 6A shows the H 2 -air polarization curves of WI-PtCo/C, FD-PtCo/C, SR-PtCo/C, and TKK-Pt/C, demonstrating that all PtCo/C catalysts outperform the pristine TKK-Pt/C catalyst.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The cobalt deposition method is a critical factor affecting the ordering degree of the resulting PtCo/C catalysts.
“These results illustrated that the cobalt deposition method is a critical factor in affecting the ordering degree.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The enhanced performance of H2-SR-PtCo/C could be mainly associated with its higher ECSA resulting from the smaller particle size.
“Considering their similar ordering degrees (Figure 3F), the enhanced performance of H 2 -SR-PtCo/C could be mainly associated with its higher ECSA (Figure S5), resulting from the smaller particle size.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
MEA testing results demonstrated that the resulting catalysts with higher ordering degrees and/or smaller particle sizes normally exhibited enhanced H2-air cell performance.
“MEA testing results demonstrated that the resulting catalysts with higher ordering degrees and/or smaller particle sizes normally exhibited enhanced H 2 -air cell performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Using the vertical tube furnace is beneficial for size control under scalable synthesis conditions.
“These results suggested that using the vertical tube furnace is beneficial for size control under scalable synthesis conditions but has no noticeable effect on the ordering degree.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The use of a vertical tube furnace mitigated the negative impact of large-scale synthesis on catalyst performance.
“These comparative results illustrated that the use of a vertical tube furnace mitigated the negative impact of large-scale synthesis on catalyst performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Achieving the target stoichiometric ratio is a thermodynamic prerequisite for forming intermetallic structures.
“Achieving the target stoichiometric ratio is a thermodynamic prerequisite for forming intermetallic structures.[12]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [12] 12. D. Wang, H. L. Xin, R. Hovden, H. Wang, Y. Yu, D. A. Muller, F. J. DiSalvo, H. D. Abruña, Nat. Mater. 2012, 12, 81-87.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
The observed performance gain of SR-PtCo/C compared to WI-PtCo/C and FD-PtCo/C could arise from its higher ordering degree and higher ECSA, enhancing the lattice strain effect and Pt atomic utilization.
“By combining these MEA results with the XRD results, we inferred that the observed performance gain of SR-PtCo/C compared to the other two catalysts could arise from its higher ordering degree and higher ECSA thus, enhancing the lattice strain effect [34] and Pt atomic utilization. [35]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [34] 34. R. Bohn, T. Haubold, R. Birringer, H. Gleiter, Scr. Metall. Mater. 1991, 25, 811-816.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [35] 35. Y. Xiong, Y. Yang, H. Joress, E. Padgett, U. Gupta, V. Yarlagadda, D. N. Agyeman-Budu, X. Huang, T. E. Moylan, R. Zeng, A. Kongkanand, F. A. Escobedo, J. D. Brock, F. J. Di Salvo, D. A. Muller, H. D. Abruña, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 1974- 1983.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
The reductive atmosphere is favorable for achieving better size control.
“suggesting that the reductive atmosphere is favorable for achieving better size control.[30]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] 30. J. Kim, Y. Lee, S. Sun, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 4996-4997.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The observed low ordering degree in FD-PtCo/C may result from insufficient alloying during high temperature annealing preventing most particles from reaching the target stoichiometric ratio.
“Therefore, the observed low ordering degree in FD-PtCo/C may result from insufficient alloying during high temperature annealing preventing most particles from reaching the target stoichiometric ratio.[29]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] 29. D. Y. Chung, S. W. Jun, G. Yoon, S. G. Kwon, D. Y. Shin, P. Seo, J. M. Yoo, H. Shin, Y.-H. Chung, H. Kim, B. S. Mun, K.-S. Lee, N.-S. Lee, S. J. Yoo, D.-H. Lim, K. Kang, Y.-E. Sung, T. Hyeon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 15478-15485.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- May combine two claims. 13
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataVertical-SR-PtCo/C exhibited better H2-air MEA performance than Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C, as evidenced by consistently higher cell voltages across the entire current density range.
“As shown in Figure 6C, Vertical-SR-PtCo/C exhibited better H 2 -air MEA performance than Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C, as evidenced by its consistently higher cell voltages across the entire current density range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong the PtCo/C catalysts, SR-PtCo/C exhibited the highest cell voltages across the entire tested current density range, followed by WI-PtCo/C, while FD-PtCo/C showed the lowest cell voltages.
“Among the PtCo/C catalysts, SR-PtCo/C exhibited the highest cell voltages across the entire tested current density range, followed by WI-PtCo/C, while FD-PtCo/C showed the lowest cell voltages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe ECSA values of SR-PtCo/C, WI-PtCo/C, and FD-PtCo/C were 84.5, 81.0, and 74.3 m2 gPt-1, respectively.
“The ECSA values of SR-PtCo/C, WI-PtCo/C, and FD-PtCo/C were determined to be 84.5, 81.0, and 74.3 m 2 g Pt -1 , respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataH2-SR-PtCo/C exhibited a relatively narrow particle size distribution and a smaller average particle size (3.6 ± 1.2 nm) compared to N2-SR-PtCo/C and Ar-SR-PtCo/C.
“Compared to N 2 -SR-PtCo/C and Ar-SR-PtCo/C, H 2 -SR-PtCo/C exhibited a relatively narrow particle size distribution and a smaller average particle size (3.6 ± 1.2 nm) suggesting that the reductive atmosphere is favorable for achieving better size control.[30]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSR-PtCo/C exhibited the highest ordering degree (50%), greater than WI-PtCo/C (35%) and significantly higher than FD-PtCo/C (8%).
“As shown in Figure 2F, SR-PtCo/C exhibited the highest ordering degree (50%), which was greater than that of WI-PtCo/C (35%) and significantly higher than FD-PtCo/C (8%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationLowering the annealing temperature helps control particle size but often fails to achieve a high ordering degree.
“In contrast, lowering the annealing temperature helps control particle size but often fails to achieve a high ordering degree.[3c]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [3c]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ordered structure strengthens the metallic bonds between Pt and Co atoms, enhancing the resistance of Co atoms to leaching in the corrosive cathode environment and thus enhancing the catalyst's durability.
“More importantly, the ordered structure strengthens the metallic bonds between Pt and Co atoms, enhancing the resistance of Co atoms to leaching in the corrosive cathode environment and thus enhancing the catalyst's durability.[5][6][7][8]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] 5. E. Antolini, Appl. Catal., B 2017, 217, 201-213;
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [6] 6. W. Xiao, W. Lei, M. Gong, H. L. Xin, D. Wang, ACS Catal. 2018, 8, 3237-3256;
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [7] 7. J. Li, S. Sun, Acc. Chem. Res. 2019, 52, 2015-2025;
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPower densities at 0.8 V and 0.67 V are commonly used in the literature as representative metrics for evaluating low and high current density performance.
“Power densities at 0.8 V and 0.67 V were selected for comparison, as these are commonly used in the literature as representative metrics for evaluating low and high current density performance.[36]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] 36. X. Han, Y. Zhou, X. Tai, G. Wu, C. Chen, X. Hong, L. Tong, F. Xu, H.-W. Liang, Y. Lin, Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 7200.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe ordering degrees were calculated based on the ratio of the integrated area of the superlattice peaks to the total integrated area of all other diffraction peaks.
“We further analyzed the differences in ordering degrees among these catalysts, which were calculated based on the ratio of the integrated area of the superlattice peaks to the total integrated area of all other diffraction peaks.[27,28]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [27] 27. H. Chen, D. Wang, Y. Yu, K. A. Newton, D. A. Muller, H. Abruña, F. J. DiSalvo, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 18453- 18459.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [28] 28. T.-W. Song, C. Xu, Z.-T. Sheng, H.-K. Yan, L. Tong, J. Liu, W.-J. Zeng, L.-J. Zuo, P. Yin, M. Zuo, S.-Q. Chu, P. Chen, H.-W. Liang, Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 6521.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth alloying and ordering steps need annealing treatments to overcome the kinetic barriers for atomic diffusion and migration.
“Both steps need annealing treatments to overcome the kinetic barriers for atomic diffusion and migration.[14]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [14] 14. S. Li, J.-J. Li, C. Xu, L. Zhang, A. Li, T.-W. Song, W. Zhang, L. Tong, H.-W. Liang, ACS Mater. Lett. 2024, 6, 706-712.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe deposition method of Co salts and the annealing atmosphere are critical factors for the catalyst's ordering degree and particle size, respectively.
“We found that the deposition method of Co salts and the annealing atmosphere are critical factors for the catalyst's ordering degree and particle size, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRaising the annealing temperature can enhance alloying and ordering kinetics and thereby favor affording highly ordered structures but this also promotes particle sintering.
“Therefore, in principle raising the annealing temperature can enhance alloying and ordering kinetics and thereby favor affording highly ordered structures but this also promotes particle sintering. [15,16]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [15] 15. L. Zhang, L. Tong, S. Li, C.-S. Ma, K.-Z. Xue, H.-W. Liang, J. Energy Chem. 2025, 101, 1-6.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [16] 16. X. Li, J. Zhao, D. Su, Small Struct. 2021, 2, 2100011.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe performance gain of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C can be attributed to the size effect, as it displayed an almost identical ordering degree compared to Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C, but with a higher ECSA.
“The performance gain of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C can be also attributed to the size effect, as it displayed an almost identical ordering degree compared to Horizontal-SR-PtCo/C, but with a higher ECSA (Figure S6).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe ordered atomic arrangement in intermetallic PtCo enhances the lattice strain effect induced by cobalt, further improving ORR activity.
“The ordered atomic arrangement in intermetallic PtCo enhances the lattice strain effect induced by cobalt, further improving ORR activity.[4]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] 4. H. A. Gasteiger, S. S. Kocha, B. Sompalli, F. T. Wagner, Appl. Catal., B 2005, 56, 9-35.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataScaling up the catalyst synthesis often leads to particle overgrowth, an issue that can be mitigated by optimizing the design of tube furnaces to enhance gas flow efficiency through the precursor-packed bed.
“Moreover, our results indicated that scaling up the catalyst synthesis often leads to particle overgrowth, an issue that can be mitigated by optimizing the design of tube furnaces to enhance gas flow efficiency through the precursor-packed bed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe formation of the intermetallic structure consists of two sequential steps: alloying and ordering.
“Specifically, the formation of the inter-metallic structure consists of two sequential steps: alloying and ordering.[12,13]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [12] 12. D. Wang, H. L. Xin, R. Hovden, H. Wang, Y. Yu, D. A. Muller, F. J. DiSalvo, H. D. Abruña, Nat. Mater. 2012, 12, 81-87.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [13] 13. J. Li, S. Sharma, X. Liu, Y.-T. Pan, J. S. Spendelow, M. Chi, Y. Jia, P. Zhang, D. A. Cullen, Z. Xi, H. Lin, Z. Yin, B. Shen, M. Muzzio, C. Yu, Y. S. Kim, A. A. Peterson, K. L. More, H. Zhu, S. Sun, Joule 2019, 3, 124- 135.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe particle size distributions were obtained by measuring the diameters of over 300 particles for each catalyst.
“We measured the diameters of over 300 particles for each catalyst to obtain the particle size distribution, which was presented as violin plots in Figure 2D.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe power densities of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at both 0.8 and 0.67 V are comparable to those of the most advanced alloy catalysts reported in the literature, even though these catalysts are typically fabricated at smaller scales.
“Note that the power densities of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at both 0.8 and 0.67 V are comparable to those of the most advanced alloy catalysts reported in the literature, even though these catalysts are typically fabricated at smaller scales (Table S2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Table S2
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The literature-reported power densities in Table S2 are comparable to the present measurements despite potential differences in testing conditions.
The paper relies on this without support.
The literature-reported power densities in Table S2 are comparable to the present measurements despite potential differences in testing conditions.
“Note that the power densities of Vertical-SR-PtCo/C at both 0.8 and 0.67 V are comparable to those of the most advanced alloy catalysts reported in the literature, even though these catalysts are typically fabricated at smaller scales (Table S2).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The single commercial Pt/C catalyst TEC10E30E is representative of commercially available Pt/C catalysts for the scalable synthesis.
“a commercial Pt/C catalyst from Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo with a Pt content of approximately 30 wt% (TEC10E30E, referred to as TKK-Pt/C) was used as the starting material.”
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Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nevelskaya, A. K., Gavrilova, A. A., Bayan, Y. A., Lyanguzov, N. V., Beskopylny, E. R., Pankov, I. V., Kokhanov, A., Kremneva, A. M., & Belenov, S. V. (2026) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.6c01627
- Authors
- Zhang, L., Tong, L., Li, Z., Xu, X., Li, S., Ma, C., Song, T., Shao, R., Zhang, W., & Liang, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
- Corresponding author
- Tong, Lei
- Liang, Hai‐Wei
- Venue
- ChemCatChem
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2025-04-28
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 11
- ISSN
- 1867-3880 (ISSN-L)
- 1867-3899
- OpenAlex
- W4409074061
- Semantic Scholar
- db19655a196d7db2785225763a7154998d0647b5
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3
- FWCI
- 0.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ChemCatChem (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (22325903, 22221003)
- University of Science and Technology of China (YD2060002032)
- Major Science and Technology Projects in Anhui Province (202203a0520013)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Fuel Cells and Related Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
- Keywords
- proton exchange membrane fuel cells, low platinum catalysts, scalable catalyst synthesis, annealing atmosphere, gas flow direction
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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