Human prostate cancer risk factors

Bostwick, David G.; Burke, Harry B.; Djakiew, Daniel; Euling, Susan; Ho, Shuk-mei; Landolph, Joseph; Morrison, Howard; Sonawane, Babasaheb; Shifflett, Tiffany; Waters, David J.; Timms, Barry

doi:10.1002/cncr.20408

Cited by 650

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Human prostate cancer risk factors

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Bostwick, David G., Burke, Harry B., Djakiew, Daniel, Euling, Susan, Ho, Shuk-mei, Landolph, Joseph, Morrison, Howard, Sonawane, Babasaheb, Shifflett, Tiffany, Waters, David J., Timms, Barry·2004·Cancer

DOI 10.1002/cncr.20408

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Abstract

Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.

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See all 650

Authors: Bostwick, D. G., Burke, H. B., Djakiew, D., Euling, S., Ho, S.-M., Landolph, J., Morrison, H., Sonawane, B., Shifflett, T., Waters, D. J., & Timms, B.
Venue: Cancer
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2004
Volume: 101
Issue: S10
Pages: 2371-2490
ISSN: 0008-543X (ISSN-L)
1097-0142
DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408
OpenAlex: W2121518362
Cited by: 650
References: 10
FWCI: 18.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 4261 d)

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This page: CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Human prostate cancer risk factors. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/cncr.20408
The paper: Bostwick, D. G., Burke, H. B., Djakiew, D., Euling, S., Ho, S.-M., Landolph, J., Morrison, H., Sonawane, B., Shifflett, T., Waters, D. J., & Timms, B. (2004). Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20408

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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.

Human prostate cancer risk factors

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