Blockade of NMDA receptors increases cell death and birth in the developing rat dentate gyrus

Abstract

Excitatory input regulates cell birth and survival in many systems. The granule cell population of the rat dentate gyrus is formed primarily during the postnatal period. Excitatory afferents enter the dentate gyrus and begin to form synapses with granule cells during the first postnatal week, the time of maximal cell birth and death. In order to determine whether excitatory input plays a role in the regulation of cell birth and survival in the developing granule cell layers and their germinal regions, the subependymal layer and hilus, we treated rat pups with the N‐methyl D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists MK‐801, CGP 37849, or CGP 43487 during the first postnatal week and examined the numbers of 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled cells, pyknotic cells, and healthy cells in these regions. In order to determine the cell type that was affected, sections from brains of MK‐801‐treated rats were processed for 3 H‐thymidine autoradiography combined with immunohistochemistry for the marker of radial glia, vimentin, and the marker of mature astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Within the dentate gyrus, NMDA receptor blockade resulted in the following changes: (1) the density of 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled cells was increased, (2) the density of pyknotic cells was increased, (3) the density of 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled pyknotic cells was increased, and (4) the density of healthy cells was decreased. The infrapyramidal blade/hilus showed changes throughout its extent, whereas the suprapyramidal blade showed changes only at the rostral level. No change in the numbers of 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled vimentin‐immunoreactive or GFAP‐immunoreactive cells was observed in the dentate gyrus with MK‐801 treatment, indicating that glia are not primarily affected by NMDA receptor blockade. Blockade of NMDA receptors resulted in gross morphologic changes in the dentate gyrus; in most cases, the infrapyramidal blade was indistinguishable from the hilus. Moreover, in several brains of animals treated with CGP 37849 or CGP 43487 on postnatal day (P)5, an abnormal aggregation of cells was observed ventral to the normal location of the infrapyramidal blade. This cellular cluster contained many pyknotic and 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled cells and may represent cells that normally comprise the infrapyramidal blade. Dramatic changes to the subependymal layer were also seen following NMDA receptor blockade. The cross‐sectional area of this region was significantly increased with MK‐801, CGP 37849, or CGP 43487 treatment and contained a high density of 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled cells and 3 H‐thymidine‐labeled pyknotic cells. These results indicate that NMDA receptor activation is critical for the normal development of the rat dentate gyrus. The finding that blockade of NMDA receptors resulted in increased levels of cell death and birth supports the hypothesis that NMDA receptor activation is a natural signal for the inhibition of these processes in the developing dentate gyrus. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.