Cited by 2,475Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanismsDevelopmental Biology and Gene RegulationNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

The Glial Nature of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells

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Kriegstein, Arnold, Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo·2009·Annual Review of Neuroscience

Abstract

Glial cells were long considered end products of neural differentiation, specialized supportive cells with an origin very different from that of neurons. New studies have shown that some glial cells—radial glia (RG) in development and specific subpopulations of astrocytes in adult mammals—function as primary progenitors or neural stem cells (NSCs). This is a fundamental departure from classical views separating neuronal and glial lineages early in development. Direct visualization of the behavior of NSCs and lineage-tracing studies reveal how neuronal lineages emerge. In development and in the adult brain, many neurons and glial cells are not the direct progeny of NSCs, but instead originate from transit amplifying, or intermediate, progenitor cells (IPCs). Within NSCs and IPCs, genetic programs unfold for generating the extraordinary diversity of cell types in the central nervous system. The timing in development and location of NSCs, a property tightly linked to their neuroepithelial origin, appear to be the key determinants of the types of neurons generated. Identification of NSCs and IPCs is critical to understand brain development and adult neurogenesis and to develop new strategies for brain repair.

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Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135600

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  • GFAP is expressed by progenitor cells and its expression depends on developmental stages.

    “GFAP is also expressed by progenitor cells15 and its expression depends on developmental stages16,17.”
  • Adult neurogenesis from neural stem cells deriving from the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus can give rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.

    “There is evidence of neurogenesis from adult neural stem cells deriving from the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus, that can give rise to neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes [107,108].”

    From Ageing, Cellular Senescence and Neurodegenerative Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [108]

  • The predicted progenitors expressed proliferation (Mki67) and known markers (Pax6, Rspo2/3, Wnt5a/3a/1, Fabp7).

    “The predicted progenitors expressed proliferation (Mki67) and known markers (Pax6, Rspo2/3, Wnt5a/3a/1, Fabp7, clusters 7 and 8 in Figure 2A,B S2B; STAR Methods), previously reported for precursors of ependymal cells and cortical neurons (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009), with Wnt1 having the most specific expression (Figure S2G).”

    From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009

  • In embryos, subsets of glial cells expressed markers of neural progenitor/stem-like cells or of oligodendrocyte precursor cells.

    “In embryos, subsets of glial cells expressed markers of neural progenitor/stem-like cells (e.g. Pax6, Nes, Sox2, Rspo2/3) or of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs, e.g. Olig1, Olig2) (Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009) (Figure 2A, S2A,B).”

    From A cellular and spatial map of the choroid plexus across brain ventricles and ages (2021) · cites this paper as Kriegstein and Alvarez-Buylla, 2009

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1 of the 263 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Doetsch F Caille I Lim DA García-Verdugo JM Alvarez-Buylla A 1999b Subventricular zone astrocytes are neural stem cells in the adult mammalian brain Cell 97 1 20 10380923

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Authors
Kriegstein, A., & Alvarez-Buylla, A.
Affiliations
  • University of California, San Francisco (US)
  • The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Departments of Neurology, Neurological Surgery, and School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0525;,
Venue
Annual Review of Neuroscience
Published
2009-06-01
Volume
32
Issue
1
Pages
149-184
ISSN
  • 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-4126
OpenAlex
W2172266256
Cited by
2,475
References
263
Citations by year
2026: 87 · 2025: 141 · 2024: 138 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 133 · 2021: 168 · 2020: 162 · 2019: 147 · 2018: 166 · 2017: 155 · 2016: 162 · 2015: 129 · 2014: 167 · 2013: 172 · 2012: 155
FWCI
12.34
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS035710, R01NS028478, R01NS021223)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords
neural stem cells, radial glia, astrocytes, intermediate progenitor cells, transit amplifying cells, neuronal lineage, neuroepithelium, adult neurogenesis, brain development, lineage tracing, brain repair
MeSH terms
Animals, Cell Differentiation, Central Nervous System, Humans, Neuroglia, Neurons, Stem Cells, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Lineage, Adult Stem Cells, Neurogenesis

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