Preliminary validation of an ultra‐brief version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Abstract
The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) is widely regarded as the gold standard self‐report questionnaire for pathological worry. However, the factorial structure of the scale remains contentious. We sought to determine whether a psychometrically sound brief version of the PSWQ, which avoids contentious items and yet incorporates the essential features of pathological worry, could be derived from the existing PSWQ item pool. After inspecting items of the PSWQ and the findings of previous factor analytic studies, three items were selected that capture the essence of pathological worry (i.e., high frequency, perceived uncontrollability and multiple domains of worry), according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition). We then compared the psychometric properties of the 3‐item PSWQ with the full PSWQ in a sample of 225 clients attending an anxiety disorders clinic. Despite its brevity, the 3‐item PSWQ had internal consistency comparable with that of the standard PSWQ, and performed equally well with regards to convergent and discriminant validity, in screening for a generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis and in detecting change with treatment. The 3‐item ultra‐brief version of the PSWQ is quick to administer, simple to score and possesses psychometric properties very similar to the 16‐item version. Further research should confirm the psychometric properties of the 3‐item version when administered independently of the other items and assess the scale's test–retest reliability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Key Practitioner Message: • The 3‐item version of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) captures the essence of pathological worry, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (Fourth Edition). • The 3‐item version of the PSWQ appears to have similar psychometric properties to the full, 16‐item version, and is therefore a good measure of pathological worry. • The 3‐item PSWQ is quick to administer in time‐pressured clinical settings. • The 3‐item PSWQ is simple to score and does not include reverse‐keyed items.
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PSWQ-brief retains similar psychometric properties despite being substantially shorter than the original 16-item version, with a reported Cronbach's α = .85.
“The PSWQ-brief retains similar psychometric properties despite being substantially shorter than the original 16-item version, with a reported Cronbach's α = .85.”
From Mediators during a Multimodal intervention for stress-induced exhaustion disorder (2024) · cites this paper as Berle et al., 2011
The Penn State Worry Questionnaire-3 item has demonstrated good psychometric properties in previous samples.
“The PSWQ-3 has demonstrated good psychometric properties in previous samples [4].”
From Internet videoconferencing delivered cognitive behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Pathological worry was measured by the Penn State Worry Questionnaire ultra-brief (PSWQ-brief) (Berle et al., 2011).”
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Dimensionality of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and its brief versions
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Facing the Unknown: Behavioural Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty
Hebert, E. A. (2015) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University)
- Authors
- Berle, D., Starcevic, V., Moses, K., Hannan, A., Milicevic, D., & Sammut, P.
- Affiliations
- Western Sydney Local Health District (AU)
- Nepean Hospital (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Berle, David
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-08-30
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 339-346
- ISSN
- 1063-3995 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0879
- OpenAlex
- W1970856681
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- Penn State Worry Questionnaire, pathological worry, generalized anxiety disorder, scale validation, psychometric properties, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Self Report
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