Taking the long view: Implications of individual differences in temporal distancing for affect, stress reactivity, and well-being.
Abstract
Recent experimental work demonstrates that temporal distancing from negative experiences reduces distress. Yet two central questions remain: (a) do people differ in the habitual tendency to temporally distance from negative experiences, and if so (b) what implications does this tendency have for well-being? Seven studies explored these questions. Study 1 describes the construction and reliability of the Temporal Distancing Questionnaire, a new measure of individual differences in the tendency to place negative experiences into a broader future time perspective. Study 2 establishes a nomological network around this construct, examining the relationship of temporal distancing to other theoretically related constructs. Study 3 tests whether people high in temporal distancing (i.e., "high temporal distancers") experience greater concurrent well-being, including greater positive affect and life satisfaction and lesser negative affect, worry, and depressive symptoms. Study 4 examines whether temporal distancing predicts well-being measured at the daily level, and across time. Finally, Studies 5a-5c explore a key way in which temporal distancing may support psychological well-being-by facilitating more adaptive responses to negative experiences. Our results demonstrate that the tendency to temporally distance from negative experiences predicts a more positive profile of affective experiences and stress-reactivity that may support immediate and longer-term well-being. Moreover, many of these findings remained significant when controlling for general reappraisal tendencies. (PsycINFO Database Record
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EQ scores and the self-rated ability to observe negative inner events from a distanced self-perspective are moderately associated (r = 0.49).
“EQ scores and the self-rated ability to observe negative inner events from a distanced self-perspective are also moderately associated (r = 0.49) (20.7 ± 2.56 years)28.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
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- Authors
- Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Ayduk, Ö., & John, O. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 610-635
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2474788013
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychological and Temporal Perspectives Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- individual differences, well-being, positive affect, negative affect, stress reactivity, worry, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, time perspective, cognitive reappraisal, daily well-being, nomological network
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Affect, Female, Humans, Individuality, Male, Personal Satisfaction, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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