The use of alcohol and drugs to self-medicate symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: Research Article: Self-Medication in PTSD
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BACKGROUND: Self-medication has been proposed as an explanation for the high rates of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorders; however, knowledge of self-medication in PTSD is scarce. We describe the prevalence and correlates of self-medication in PTSD in the general population. METHODS: Data came from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions Wave 2 (N=34,653; response rate: 70.2%), a nationally representative survey of mental illness in community-dwelling adults. Self-medication was assessed separately for alcohol and drugs. Prevalence rates were determined for self-medication among individuals with DSM-IV PTSD. Regression analyses determined associations between self-medication and a variety of correlates, including sociodemographic factors, comorbid mental disorders, suicide attempts, and quality of life. RESULTS: Approximately 20% of individuals with PTSD used substances in an attempt to relieve their symptoms. Men were significantly more likely than women to engage in self-medication behavior. In adjusted models, using illicit drugs or misusing prescription medications to control PTSD symptoms was associated with a substantially higher likelihood of dysthymia and borderline personality disorder. After controlling for mental disorder comorbidity, self-medication was independently associated with higher odds of suicide attempts (adjusted odds ratio=2.46; 95% confidence interval 1.53-3.97) and lower mental health-related quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Self-medication is a common behavior among people with PTSD in the community, yet has potentially hazardous consequences. Health care practitioners should assess reasons for substance use among people with PTSD to identify a subgroup with higher psychiatric morbidity.
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People with co-occurring disorders often experience many stressful and traumatic life events and frequently use alcohol and drugs to self-medicate.
“Individuals with COD tend to have high rates of exposure to stressful and traumatic life events with which they often cope through alcohol and drug use as a form of self-medication (Khantzian, 1997; Leeies, Pagura, Sareen, & Bolton, 2010).”
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Leeies et al., 2010
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- Authors
- Leeies, M., Pagura, J., Sareen, J., & Bolton, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bolton, James M.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02-23
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 731-736
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2003691658
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 17.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Sciences Centre Foundation
- Manitoba Health Research Council Operating Grants
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research New Investigator grant (152348)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, self-medication, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, prescription drug misuse, substance use disorders, PTSD comorbidity, suicide attempts, mental health-related quality of life, dysthymia, borderline personality disorder, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alcohol Drinking, Borderline Personality Disorder, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Self Medication, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity, Odds Ratio, Dysthymic Disorder, Substance-Related Disorders, Young Adult
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