PTSD in children and adolescents: toward an empirically based algorithma
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In considering potential revisions for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V), describing developmental influences on symptomatic expression is a high priority. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. Research conducted in the past 15 years is reviewed that pertains to expressions of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in preschool and school age children and in adolescents. This research has attempted to determine the usefulness of the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD in children and adolescents. Based on the studies of preschool children, evidence supports two sets of suggestions: first, we suggest that developmental manifestations are warranted in A-D criteria of PTSD; and second, we suggest that a developmental preschool PTSD subtype is warranted that lowers the C threshold from three to one symptom. For school-age children and young adolescents, the evidence is more limited. Nevertheless, there is also evidence suggesting that modifications in PTSD criteria A-D, including fewer Cluster C symptoms, may facilitate accurate diagnosis in this age group.
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Systematic research has demonstrated that children as early as the first year of life may show evidence of PTSD symptom clusters following exposure to traumatic events.
“Systematic research has demonstrated that children as early as the first year of life may show evidence of these symptom clusters following exposure to traumatic events.”
From Deviations from the expectable environment in early childhood and emerging psychopathology (2015) · cites this paper as Scheeringa et al, 2011
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- Authors
- Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., & Cohen, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- Allegheny General Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Scheeringa, Michael S.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2010-08-23
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 770-782
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6101653
- OpenAlex
- W2154564881
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 18.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH065884)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, children, adolescents, DSM-V, diagnostic criteria, preschool children, elementary school students, PTSD subtypes, diagnostic algorithm, PTSD diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Algorithms, Arousal, Child, Child, Preschool, Dissociative Disorders, Humans, Infant, Life Change Events, Personality Assessment, Psychometrics, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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