Disorder-specific mental health service use for mood and anxiety disorders: Associations with age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidity
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study are to examine the prevalence of disorder-specific mental health service use for mood and anxiety disorders, and relationships between helpseeking and age, sex, and psychiatric comorbidity. METHODS: The authors used Wave 2 data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), which included 34,653 adults. Cross-tabulations provided helpseeking prevalence rates for five anxiety disorders and three mood disorders by age and sex, as well as for individuals with and without comorbid anxiety and mood disorders. Logistic regression analyses explored the likelihood of helpseeking among younger and middle-aged adults in comparison to older adults. RESULTS: The prevalence of helpseeking was highest for panic disorder (45.3%) and dysthymia (44.5%) and lowest for specific phobias (7.8%). For each condition except panic disorder service use was most likely among middle-aged adults and especially unlikely among older individuals. Sex differences in treatment seeking favoring women showed only modest variability with age. Finally, the prevalence of helpseeking was generally lower among individuals without comorbid anxiety or mood disorders, and the hill-shaped influence of age on service use was attenuated in this pure group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study highlight the highest prevalence of disorder-specific service use among middle-aged adults and women, and among individuals with panic disorder and dysthymia. For purposes of identifying groups who are in need of targeted efforts to increase service use, helpseeking was especially unlikely among people suffering from specific phobia, as well as among men and older adults.
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Only 7.8% of people with specific phobia seek treatment, and 0.8% of them receive specific treatment.
“In fact, data show that only 7.8% of people suffering from SP seek treatment, 0.8% of whom finally receive specific treatment.7”
From Effectiveness of a projection-based augmented reality exposure system in treating cockroach phobia: Study protocol of a randomised controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [7]
The Results report that 7.8% of people with specific phobias sought help for their disorder. The paper does not report that 0.8% of those people received specific treatment; its 7.8% figure already refers to disorder-specific help-seeking. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOlder adults are less likely to seek professional psychological help compared to younger age groups.
“although older adults experience high rates of mental health problems, loneliness, and isolation, they are less likely to seek professional psychological help compared to younger age groups (21, 22)”
From Telephone-based group mental health support for older adults in central Canada: pilot acceptability and effectiveness findings of The CONNECT Program (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
Only 7.8% of people with phobias search for a treatment.
“only 7.8 % search for a treatment [17]”
From An Internet-based treatment for flying phobia (NO-FEAR Airlines): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
Anxiety disorders comorbid with other anxiety or depressive disorders are associated with poorer treatment outcomes, greater severity and chronicity, more impaired functioning, increased health service use, and higher treatment costs.
“Anxiety disorders comorbid with other anxiety or depressive disorders are associated with poorer treatment outcomes, greater severity and chronicity [46-49], more impaired functioning [46], increased health service use [50], and higher treatment costs [51].”
From Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [50]
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The importance of social activity to risk of major depression in older adults
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Dysthymic disorder in the elderly population
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Self-citationDepression and Depression Treatment in Women With Spinal Cord Injury
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Inequities in Mental Health Services: A 16-Year Longitudinal Study of Youth in the Justice System
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Self-citationMale views on help‐seeking for depression: A Q methodology study
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Examining predictors of help-seeking behaviours in patients with mood and anxiety symptoms
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Trauma‐Related Disgust in Veterans With Interpersonal Trauma
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The DUDES Club A brotherhood for men’s health
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“8 % search for a treatment [17], and only 8 % of patients receive a specific treatment for their problem [18].”
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- Authors
- Mackenzie, C. S., Reynolds, K., Cairney, J., Streiner, D. L., & Sareen, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Mackenzie, Corey S.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2011-11-07
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 234-242
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4284961
- OpenAlex
- W1529731596
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 9.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Manitoba Health Research Council
- National Institutes of Health
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (152348)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Z01AA000449)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- mental health service utilization, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, panic disorder, dysthymia, specific phobia, psychiatric comorbidity, age differences, sex differences, older adults, middle-aged adults, NESARC
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Panic Disorder, Dysthymic Disorder, Mood Disorders, Young Adult
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