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Cited by 79Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentSex and Gender in Healthcare

Examining sex and gender differences in anxiety disorders

Open access
Christiansen, Dorte M.·2015·A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders
DOI 10.5772/60662
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Abstract

Several studies have examined sex differences in different anxiety disorders. Females are repeatedly found to be more likely than males to suffer from anxiety in general and to be diagnosed with most anxiety disorders, including agoraphobia (AG), panic disorder (PD), separation anxiety (SA), specific phobia (SP), social anxiety disorder (SAD), generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (ASD and PTSD), although the latter three are technically no longer categorised as anxiety disorders according to DSM-5. This chapter provides an overview of research on sex and gender differences in anxiety disorders ranging from the well-established female preponderance in prevalence and severity to possible sex differences in the risk and protective factors associated with anxiety, sex differences in the clinical presentation of anxiety disorders, and potential sex differences in the effectiveness of different treatments. The chapter contains suggestions for future research, including important questions that remain to be answered.

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  • From puberty onward, internalizing disorders are more commonly seen in women.

    “As a general rule of thumb, from puberty onward, internalizing disorders (those during which negative emotions are subjectively experienced) are more commonly seen in women (1–3).”

    From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Introduction reports that anxiety disorders are more common in females and that this difference persists across adult age groups. Section 2.5.1 also describes higher rates of internalising disorders in females. The paper does not establish puberty as the starting point; its Introduction says sex differences in anxiety levels emerge before age four. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The stress component of this model is much more likely to be affected by gender than by sex.

    “As proposed elsewhere (1), the stress component of this model is much more likely to be affected by gender than by sex.”

    From Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [1]

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Gall MD. The relationship between masculinity-femininity and manifest anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1969;25(3) 194-195.

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Authors
Christiansen, D. M.
Affiliations
Aarhus University (DK)
Corresponding author
Christiansen, Dorte M.
ORCID
Christiansen, Dorte M.
Venue
A Fresh Look at Anxiety Disorders
Publisher
InTech
Published
2015-09-09
DOI
10.5772/60662
OpenAlex
W2098724968
Cited by
79
References
64
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI
6.72
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • InTech eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • BiblioBoard Library Catalog (Open Research Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Contact-less Assessment of In-vivo Body Signals Using Microwave Doppler Radar (InTech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • IntechOpen eBooks (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Sex and Gender in Healthcare
Keywords
sex differences, gender differences, anxiety disorders, female predominance, agoraphobia, panic disorder, separation anxiety disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, risk and protective factors, clinical features, treatment effectiveness

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