Efficacy of Virtual Reality-Based Exposure Therapy for the Treatment of Fear of Flying: A Systematic Review
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Abstract Previous research has shown that virtual reality (VR)-based exposure therapy is effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders. However, more information regarding the specific features of this intervention for the treatment of fear of flying (FoF) is needed. The primary aim of this systematic review was to update and analyse the existing data on the efficacy of VR exposure treatment (VRET) in FoF, providing information on the optimal methodological conditions for its administration. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was employed to select the articles. PsycInfo, Medline and Web of Science were chosen as databases with a wide range of publications related to health and psychology. Thirty-three eligible articles were included in this review. Results showed that participants’ anxiety decreased after being systematically exposed to flight-related VR environments. VRET is at least as effective as other evidence-based treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) or in vivo exposure therapy (IVET), and therefore is a highly recommended alternative when IVET is difficult to administer, and an excellent complement to enhance CBT efficacy. Regarding sensory cues, the addition of motion feedback synchronised with visual and auditory cues during the exposure to VR environments might improve the efficacy of VRET for FoF, but more research supporting this statement is still needed.
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Smartphone iVR limitations affect the quality of interactions and may not meet the depth required for specific phobias.
“These limitations affect the quality of interactions, are crucial for successful exposure therapy, and may not meet the depth required for specific phobias [141].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [141]
The Results section says that more sophisticated VR equipment offers a higher-quality virtual experience, and the Discussion says sensory cues may improve immersion and exposure-therapy efficacy. The paper does not identify smartphone iVR limitations or say that they impair interaction quality or fail to provide the depth needed for specific phobias. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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Mental health professionals’ attitudes towards virtual reality therapies: a systematic review
Bin, S., Alrashdi, D. H., Whitehead, T., Riches, S., & Drini, E. (2025) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-025-00499-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gaina, M.-A., Sbarcea, S.-V., Popa, B.-S., Stefanescu, B.-V., Gaina, A.-M., Szalontay, A.-S., Bolos, A., & Stefanescu, C. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14070651 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These limitations affect the quality of interactions, are crucial for successful exposure therapy, and may not meet the depth required for specific phobias [141].”
Background
- Authors
- Ribé-Viñes, J. M., Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J., Zabolipour, Z., & Ferrer-Garcia, M.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Ribé-Viñes, J.M.
- Venue
- The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 16
- ISSN
- 1754-470X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4384915722
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, fear of flying, aviophobia, anxiety disorders, treatment efficacy, motion feedback, cognitive behavioral therapy, in vivo exposure therapy, phobia treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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