UTILITY OF THE DIMENSIONS OF ANGER REACTIONS-5 (DAR-5) SCALE AS A BRIEF ANGER MEASURE: Research Article: Utility of DAR-5
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anger is a common emotional sequel in the aftermath of traumatic experience. As it is associated with significant distress and influences recovery, anger requires routine screening and assessment. Most validated measures of anger are too lengthy for inclusion in self-report batteries or as screening tools. This study examines the psychometric properties of a shortened 5-item version of the Dimensions of Anger Reactions (DAR), an existing screening tool. METHODS: Responses to the DAR-5 were analysed from a sample of 486 college students with and without a history of trauma exposure. RESULTS: The DAR-5 demonstrated strong internal reliability and concurrent validity with the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a single factor model of the DAR-5 for the trauma-exposed and nontrauma subsamples. A screening cut-off point of 12 on the DAR-5 successfully differentiated high and low scorers on STAXI-2 Trait Anger and PCL posttraumatic stress scores. Further discriminant validity was found with depression symptom scores. CONCLUSIONS: The results support use of the DAR-5 for screening for anger when a short scale is required.
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The DAR-5 has demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity as well as high internal consistency (α=.95).
“The DARS-5 has demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity [44,52] as well as high internal consistency (α=.95) [44].”
DAR-5 scores range from 5 to 25 with a cut-off of 12.
“Scores range from 5 to 25 with a cut-off of 12 [48].”
From Initial Outcomes of Transdiagnostic Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Tailored to Public Safety Personnel: Longitudinal Observational Study (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
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“The DAR-5 is a 5-item selfreport measure assessing dimensions of anger reactions, primarily the respondent’s inclination toward anger in stressful situations using a 5-point scale (Forbes et al., 2014).”
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“Additional predictors included social support ; measured via a modified version of the ‘ supportive and negative social interactions ’ scale (Schuster et al., 1990) which separately measures the frequency of positive and negative social interactions across two subscales (modified for the military context by separately…”
Self-citationThe mediating role of anger in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and impulsivity.
Contractor, A. A., Armour, C., Wang, X., Forbes, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0037112 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasures of morally injurious experiences: A quantitative comparison
Lancaster, S. L., & Harris, J. I. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.057 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Anger as an underlying dimension of posttraumatic stress disorder
Durham, T. A., Byllesby, B. M., Lv, X., Elhai, J. D., & Wang, L. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.011 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationAnger rumination in the context of high anger and forgiveness
Contreras, I. M., Kosiak, K., Hardin, K. M., & Novaco, R. W. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110531 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationCeschi, G., Selosse, G., Nixon, R. D. V., Metcalf, O., & Forbes, D. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1731127 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDillon, K. H., Medenblik, A. M., Mosher, T. M., Elbogen, E. B., Morland, L. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22525 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Inclusion criteria included: (a) currently met criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (confirmed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 [CAPS-5; Weathers et al., 2013]); (b) reported high levels of anger, as evidenced by a score of 12 or greater on the 5-item Dimensions of Anger Reactions Scale (Forbes…”
BackgroundProblematic Anger in the Military: Focusing on the Forgotten Emotion
Forbes, D., Metcalf, O., Lawrence‐Wood, E., & Adler, A. B. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01380-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAnger and Aggression in UK Treatment-Seeking Veterans with PTSD
Turgoose, D., & Murphy, D. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030086 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The most strongly associated variable was PTSD, with those meeting case criteria for PTSD being more likely to report difficulties with both anger and aggressive behaviours (DAR-5: OR 10.70, 95% CI 5.79–19.60; WR-4: OR 8.71, 95% CI 2.99–25.40).”
MethodInfluentialMurphy, D., & Turgoose, D. (2019) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x19850393 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Hendrikx, L. J., Williamson, C., Baumann, J., & Murphy, D. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22742 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Harden, L., & Murphy, D. (2018) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2018-000921 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Griffith, E. L., Jin, L., Contractor, A. A., Slavish, D. C., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.052 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sharifian, N., Kolaja, C. A., LeardMann, C. A., Castañeda, S. F., Carey, F. R., Seay, J., Carlton, K. N., Rull, R. P., & for the Millennium Cohort Study Team (2023) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwad221 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kakaje, A., Alsamara, K., & Forbes, D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100128 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationAsmundson, G. J. G., LeBouthillier, D. M., Parkerson, H. A., & Horswill, S. C. (2016) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22098 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dell, L., Sbisa, A. M., Forbes, A. B., O'Donnell, M. L., Bryant, R. A., Hodson, S., Morton, D., Battersby, M., Tuerk, P. W., Elliott, P., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723000405 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Problematic anger was measured by the Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5 (DAR-5) self-report questionnaire (Forbes et al., 2014b) at all time points.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPost-traumatic growth among the UK veterans following treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder
Murphy, D., Palmer, E., Lock, R., & Busuttil, W. (2016) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2016-000638 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Metcalf, O., Little, J., Cowlishaw, S., Varker, T., Arjmand, H., O'Donnell, M. L., Phelps, A. J., Hinton, M., Bryant, R. A., Hopwood, M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110615 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationPachi, A., Kavourgia, E., Bratis, D., Fytsilis, K., Papageorgiou, S. M., Lekka, D., Sikaras, C., & Tselebis, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11142031 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Facer-Irwin, E., Blackwood, N., Bird, A., & MacManus, D. (2023) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.639 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measuring Moral Injury: Further Validation of the MIES-C and EMIS-C in a Civilian Population
Morriss, M., & Berle, D. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-023-10071-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The weakest correlations were observed with the DAR-5 ( r = 0.37, p < 0.001 [MIES-C]; r = 0.59, p < 0.001 [EMIS-C]).”
BackgroundInfluentialMacManus, D., Short, R., Lane, R., Jones, M., Hull, L., Howard, L. M., & Fear, N. T. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Europe · doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100448 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Breastfeeding Aversion Response (BAR): A Descriptive Study
Morns, M. A., Steel, A., McIntyre, E., & Burns, E. (2023) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13474 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Alsharif, A., Habbal, A. A., Daaboul, Y., Hawat, L. A., Habbal, O. A., & Kakaje, A. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2493 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Shea, M. T., Sorensen, D. O., Faucher, C. R., Greenberg, B. D., & Philip, N. S. (2020) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1111/ner.13256 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Although we did not explicitly recruit based on anger symptoms, observed baseline scores were comparable to previously detected scores using the 5-item DAR-5 which included a trauma-exposed subsample (50).”
ResultAdams, L. B., Igbinedion, G., DeVinney, A., Azasu, E., Nestadt, P. S., Thrul, J., & Joe, S. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/31241 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“✓ Anger (Dimensions of Anger Reactions-5 item [DAR-5]) [24]”
BackgroundMoral injury events and behavioral health outcomes among American veterans
Saba, S. K., Davis, J. P., Lee, D., Castro, C. A., & Pedersen, E. R. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102605 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pataka, A., Kotoulas, S., Tzinas, A., Kasnaki, N., Sourla, E., Chatzopoulos, E., Grigoriou, I., & Argyropoulou, P. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10081395 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Sharp, M., Busuttil, W., & Murphy, D. (2019) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh.2018-0051 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nielsen, M. B., Christensen, J. O., Hetland, J., & Finne, L. B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01401 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kern, S. G., Peterson, Z. D., Jozkowski, K. N., & Gerstein, E. D. (2022) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2022.2130855 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Murphy, D., Palmer, E., Wessely, S. C., Michael, J., Ramos, S. D. S., Sussex, W., & Busuttil, W. (2015) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Understanding COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: A cross-sectional study in Malang District, Indonesia
Sujarwoto, S., Maharani, A., Holipah, H., Andarini, S., Saputri, R. A. M., Pakpahan, E., Oceandy, D., & Tampubolon, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1030695 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“These findings support literature that explains the negative effect of negative emotional reactions such as anger and the need for chaos on individual vaccine decisions (16, 17).”
BackgroundMethodThe Psychology of Shoplifting: Development of a New Typology for Repeated Shoplifting
Nadeau, M. M., Rochlen, A. B., & Tyminski, R. F. (2019) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x19845979 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
McCall, H. C., Landry, C. A., Ogunade, A., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211972 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Other symptom measures included the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5), which measured symptoms of PTSD [40]; the Panic Disorders Severity Scale—Revised Self-Report (PDSS-SR), which measured symptoms of panic disorder [41]; the Social Phobia Scale (SPS-6) and the Social Interaction Anxiety S…”
MethodUnderstanding the Mental Health Needs of a Community-Sample of UK Women Veterans
Hendrikx, L. J., Williamson, C., Baumann, J., & Murphy, D. (2021) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373211070487 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Exploring the health risks of help-seeking military veterans living in different parts of the UK
Ashwick, R., & Murphy, D. (2017) · Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps · doi:10.1136/jramc-2017-000822 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Putative risk and resiliency factors among Royal Canadian Mounted Police cadets
Khoury, J. M. B., Jamshidi, L., Shields, R. E., Nisbet, J., Afifi, T. O., Fletcher, A. J., Stewart, S. H., Asmundson, G. J. G., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Krätzig, G. P., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1048573 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The DAR-5 has demonstrated strong internal reliability (Forbes et al., 2014) and concurrent validity with the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Tibubos et al.”
BackgroundResultHadjistavropoulos, H. D., McCall, H. C., Dear, B. F., Beahm, J. D., Carleton, R. N., & Titov, N. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102861 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Problematic anger and economic difficulties: Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study
Adler, A. B., LeardMann, C. A., Yun, S., Jacobson, I. G., & Forbes, D. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.078 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationMurphy, D., Hendrikx, L. J., Williamson, C., & Baumann, J. (2022) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002046 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kim, H. J., Lee, D. H., Kim, J. H., & Kang, S.-E. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01084-8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“South Korean adaptation of the DAR-5 The DAR-5 [3] is composed of five items that measure anger frequency, intensity, duration, aggression, and its interference with social relations.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialFamily support, anger and aggression in health workers during the first wave of the pandemic
Pachi, A., Anagnostopoulou, M., Antoniou, A., Papageorgiou, S. M., Tsomaka, E., Sikaras, C., Ilias, Ι., & Tselebis, A. (2023) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2023037 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The cut-off point for the scale is ≥12 [26,27].”
BackgroundAminoff, V., Bobeck, J., Hjort, S., Sörliden, E., Ludvigsson, M., Berg, M., & Andersson, G. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100662 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Exploring Outcome Predictors in UK Veterans Treated for PTSD
Murphy, D., & Busuttil, W. (2015) · Journal of Psychology Research · doi:10.17265/2159-5542/2015.08.001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…using the five item Dimension of Anger Reactions (DAR-5) and to meet case criteria participants had to score 12 or above (Forbes et al., 2004; Forbes et al., 2014); symptoms of dissociation were explored with the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II) and meeting case criteria was defined…”
MethodRelations between anger and DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms
Durham, T. A., Byllesby, B. M., Armour, C., Forbes, D., & Elhai, J. D. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.004 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationBiscoe, N., New, E., & Murphy, D. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01713-w · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Virtual-reality exposure treatment for first responder PTSD: a pilot investigation
Beidel, D. C., Bowers, C. A., Newins, A. R., Seaver, C., Rozek, D. C., McDaniel, C., & Horning, D. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2024.1336523 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Biscoe, N., Bonson, A., Nickerson, A., & Murphy, D. (2023) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100343 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dimensions of Anger Reactions (DAR-5): a useful screening tool for anger in the general population
Goulart, A. C., Bismarchi, D., Rienzo, M., Syllos, D. H., & Wang, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2020.1821893 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Love, S., Koppel, S., & Armstrong, K. A. (2024) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2024.05.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Using an ecological momentary assessment protocol to understand problem anger in veterans.
Varker, T., Arjmand, H.-A., Metcalf, O., Cowlishaw, S., O'Donnell, M., Forbes, D., McFarlane, A., Bryant, R., Hopwood, M., Phelps, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101746 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationLandry, C. A., McCall, H. C., Beahm, J. D., Titov, N., Dear, B., Carleton, R. N., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. D. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/54132 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“As anger and sleep problems are common among PSP [5,6], we also administered the Dimensions of Anger Reaction Scale-5 (DAR-5) to measure problems related to anger [44] and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) to measure sleep difficulties [45].”
BackgroundMethodCaycho‐Rodríguez, T., Cabrera-Orosco, I., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura‐León, J., Gallegos, W. L. A., & Esteban, R. F. C. (2020) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2020.06.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Estos son resultados significativos que corroboran el supuesto de unidimensionalidad del DAR-5 y que han sido respaldados por investigaciones internacionales anteriores (Asmundson et al., 2016; Ceschi et al., 2020; Forbes et al., 2014a; Forbes et al., 2014b).”
BackgroundInfluentialBiscoe, N., Bonson, A., Slavin, S. L., Busuttil, W., MacManus, D., Cox, L. C. D. A., & Murphy, D. (2023) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2023.100359 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Can the PCL-5 be used as a potential indicator of probable Complex PTSD?
Hendrikx, L. J., Biscoe, N., & Murphy, D. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100387 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The relationship between negative expressivity, anger, and PTSD symptom clusters
Claycomb, M. A., Roley‐Roberts, M. E., Contractor, A. A., Armour, C., Dranger, P., Wang, L., & Elhai, J. D. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.06.012 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency and correlates of suicidal ideation and behaviors in treatment-seeking Post-9/11 Veterans
Rauch, S. A. M., Steimle, L. N., Li, J., Black, K., Nylocks, K. M., Patton, S. C., Wise, A., Watkins, L. E., Stojek, M. M., Maples‐Keller, J. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Feasibility of an adjunctive cognitive task in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder
Badawi, A., Steel, Z., Mahoney, C., & Berle, D. (2021) · Discover Psychology · doi:10.1007/s44202-021-00011-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Schäfer, I., Hiller, P., Milin, S., & Lotzin, A. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06761-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The DAR-5 has shown strong internal reliability and good validity in a college student sample with and without a history of trauma exposure [29] and in a male veterans sample with PTSD [28].”
Background
- Authors
- Forbes, D., Alkemade, N., Mitchell, D., Elhai, J. D., McHugh, T., Bates, G., Novaco, R. W., Bryant, R., & Lewis, V.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Toledo (US)
- Austin Health (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-06-25
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 166-173
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1899223624
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 5.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- anger, trauma exposure, post-traumatic stress, screening tool, psychometric properties, internal consistency, concurrent validity, factor structure, university students, depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anger, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Ohio, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Students, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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