Adult mental health outcomes of adolescent depression: A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Adolescent depression may increase risk for poor mental health outcomes in adulthood. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on the association between adolescent depression and adult anxiety and depressive disorders as well as suicidality. METHODS: EMBASE, MEDLINE, and PSYCinfo databases were searched and longitudinal cohort studies in which depression was measured in adolescence (age 10-19) and outcomes of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or suicidality were measured in adulthood (age 21+), were selected. Meta-analysis using inverse variance and random effects modeling, along with sensitivity analyses, were used to synthesize article estimates. RESULTS: Twenty articles were identified, representing 15 unique cohorts. Seventeen of 18 articles showed adolescent depression increased risk for adult depression; eleven pooled cohorts estimated that adolescents with depression had 2.78 (1.97, 3.93) times increased odds of depression in adulthood. Seven of eight articles that investigated the association between adolescent depression and any adult anxiety found a significant association. Three of five articles showed a significant association between adolescent depression and adult suicidality. CONCLUSION: This review shows that adolescent depression increases the risk for subsequent depression later in life. Articles consistently found that adolescent depression increases the risk for anxiety disorders in adulthood, but evidence was mixed on whether or not a significant association existed between adolescent depression and suicidality in adulthood. Early intervention in adolescent depression may reduce long-term burden of disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Emotional symptoms often remain untreated and show continuity into adulthood, where they can escalate into full-syndrome and recurrent anxiety and depressive disorders.
“Unfortunately, emotional symptoms often remain untreated and show continuity into adulthood, where they can escalate into full‐syndrome and recurrent anxiety and depressive disorders (Johnson et al., 2018; Kwong et al., 2019; Naicker, Galambos, Zeng, Senthilselvan, & Colman, 2013; Wolitzky‐Taylor et al., 2014).”
From A cross‐lagged twin study of emotional symptoms, social isolation and peer victimisation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as Johnson et al., 2018
Sections 4.1 and 4.2 link adolescent depression with adult depression and anxiety disorders, and the Introduction reports an increased risk of recurrent major depression. But the review studies adolescents meeting criteria for depression, not emotional symptoms generally progressing to full-syndrome disorders. Section 4.4 says treatment after adolescent depression was not measured, so the claim that symptoms often remain untreated is not established. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139 · see citing works
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K. R., Rush, A. J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. S. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3095 · Cited by 7,988 · see citing works
Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge
Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60368-7 · Cited by 3,126 · see citing works
Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.107.1.128 · Cited by 2,333 · see citing works
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Harrington, H., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.7.709 · Cited by 2,025 · see citing works
Depression and Diabetes: Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Adherence, Function, and Costs
Ciechanowski, P. S., Katon, W. J., & Russo, J. E. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.21.3278 · Cited by 1,465 · see citing works
Nock, M. K., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., & Kessler, R. C. (2010) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2009.29 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
A meta‐analytic study of changes in brain activation in depression
Fitzgerald, P. B., Laird, A. R., Maller, J., & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2008) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20426 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up
Mueller, T. I., Leon, A. C., Keller, M. B., Solomon, D. A., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Warshaw, M., & Maser, J. D. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.7.1000 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Subthreshold Depression in Adolescence and Mental Health Outcomes in Adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.1.66 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
The global burden of anxiety disorders in 2010
Baxter, A. J., Vos, T., Scott, K. M., Ferrari, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713003243 · Cited by 768 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Despite advances in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, recent studies indicate that these disorders arenowamong the top10 leading causesofdisability globallywithestimates showing that it costs theUS economyper annum, approximately $50 billion (Baxter et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe comorbidity of depression and substance use disorders
Swendsen, J. (2000) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00026-4 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Immune suppression and immune activation in depression
Blume, J., Douglas, S. D., & Evans, D. L. (2011) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2010.10.008 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Comorbidity between major depression and alcohol use disorder from adolescence to adulthood
Brière, F. N., Rohde, P., Seeley, J. R., Klein, D., & Lewinsohn, P. M. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.10.007 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Treatment outcomes for primary care patients with major depression and lifetime anxiety disorders.
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1293 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Social, Demographic, and Health Outcomes in the 10 Years Following Adolescent Depression
Naicker, K., Galambos, N. L., Zeng, Y., Senthilselvan, A., & Colman, I. (2013) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.12.016 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationDalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.014 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Dour, H., Zinbarg, R., Mineka, S., Vrshek-Schallhorn, S., Epstein, A., Bobova, L., Griffith, J., Waters, A., Nazarian, M., et al. (2014) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22250 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shankman, S. A., & Klein, D. N. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00302-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Ambresin, G., Chondros, P., Dowrick, C., Herrman, H., & Gunn, J. (2014). Self-rated health and long-term prognosis of depression. Annals of Fam- ily Medicine, 12, 57-66.
- Beck, A. (2008). The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 969- 977.
- Berndt, E., Koran, L., Finkelstein, S., Gelenberg, A., Kornstein, S., Miller, I., … Keller, M. (2000). Lost human capital from early-onset chronic depres- sion. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 940-947.
- Bostwick, J., & Pankratz, V. (2000). Affective disorders and suicide risk: A reexamination. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 1925-1932.
- Bruce, S., Yonkers, K., Otto, M., Eisen, J., Weisberg, R., Pagano, M., … Keller, M. (2005). Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recur- rence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: A 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1179- 1187.
- Cheng, E., Cohen, A., & Goodman, E. (2014). The role of perceived discrim- ination during childhood and adolescence in understanding racial and socioeconomic influences on depression in young adulthood. Journal of Pediatrics, 166, 370-377.
- Clayton, P., Grove, W., Coryell, W., Keller, M., Hirschfeld, R., & Fawcett, J. (1991). Follow-up and family study of anxious depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1512-1517.
- Colman, I., Wadsworth, M., Croudace, T., & Jones, P. (2007). Forty- year psychiatric outcomes following assessment for internalizing disorder in adolescence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 126- 133.
- Copeland, W., Adair, C., Smetanin, P., Stiff, D., Briante, C., Colman, I., … Angold, A. (2013). Diagnostic transitions from childhood to adolescence to early adulthood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 791- 799.
- Fawcett, J., Scheftner, W., & Fogg, L. (1990). Time-related predictors of suicide in major affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1189-1194.
- Fombonne, E., Wostear, G., Cooper, V., Harrington, R., & Rutter, M. (2001). The Maudsley long-term follow-up child and adolescent depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 210-217.
- Hasley, J., Ghosh, B., Huggins, J., Bell, M., Adler, L., & Shroyer, A. (2008). A review of "suicidal intent" within the existing suicide literature. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38, 576-591.
- Henriksson, M., Aro, H., Marttunen, M., Heikkinen, M., Isometsä, E., Kuop- pasalmi, K., & Lönnqvist, J. (1993). Mental disorders and comorbidity in suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 935-940.
- Higgins J. & Green S. (Eds.). (2010). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. West Sussex, England: Wiley.
- Juon, H., & Ensminger, M. (1997). Childhood, adol, and young adult predic- tors of suicidal behaviors: A prospective study of African Americans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 553-563.
- Lewinsohn, P., Rohde, P., Klein, D., & Seeley, J. (1999). Natural course of ado- lescent major depressive disorder: I. continuity into young adulthood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 56-63.
- Mackinnon, N., & Colman, I. (2016). Factors associated with suicidal thought and help-seeking behaviour in transition-aged youth versus adults. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 61, 789-796.
- Pelkonen, M., Marttunen, M., & Aro, H. (2003). Risk for depression: A 6-year follow-up of Finnish adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders, 77, 41- 51.
- Sherbourne, C., & Wells, K. (1997). Course of depression in patients with comorbid anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 43, 245-250.
- Stang, A. (2010). Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 603-605.
- The Nordic Cochrane Centre. (2014). Review Manager (RevMan) Review Manager Version 5.3.
- Wickrama, K., Conger, R., Lorenz, F., & Martin, M. (2012). Continuity and discontinuity of depressed mood from late adolescence to young adult- hood: The mediating and stabilizing roles of young adults' socioeco- nomic attainment. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 648-658.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thapar, A., Eyre, O., Patel, V., & Brent, D. (2022) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01012-1 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
“Approximately 50% of adolescents will experience a further episode 19,20 , with a nearly 3-fold increased risk of depression in adulthood 21 22 .”
InfluentialSampasa-Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Goldfield, G. S., Janssen, I., Wang, J., Podinic, I., Tremblay, M. S., Saunders, T. J., Sampson, M., & Chaput, J.-P. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-020-00976-x · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Self-citationGao, Y., Wang, J.-Y., & Dong, G. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.049 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Madigan, S., Racine, N., Vaillancourt, T., Korczak, D. J., Hewitt, J. M. A., Pador, P., Park, J. L., McArthur, B. A., Holy, C., & Neville, R. D. (2023) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0846 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Daly, M. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.08.026 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
“This prolonged rise in MDE is concerning because adolescent depression tends to persist into adulthood [11] and forecasts adverse health and socioeconomic consequences throughout life [9,12].”
BackgroundAssociations of Childhood and Adolescent Depression With Adult Psychiatric and Functional Outcomes
Copeland, W. E., Alaie, I., Jonsson, U., & Shanahan, L. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.07.895 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Christ, C., Schouten, M. J., Blankers, M., van Schaik, D. J., Beekman, A. T., Wisman, M. A., Stikkelbroek, Y. A., & Dekker, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17831 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Symptoms of anxiety and depression in childhood and adolescence predict a range of mental health problems later in life, including adult anxiety and depressive disorders and substance use disorders [3-8].”
BackgroundHuang, X.-Q., Hu, N., Yao, Z., & Peng, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.962147 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Zhou, J. L., Liu, Y., Ma, J., Feng, Z., Hu, J., Hu, J., & Dong, B. (2024) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-024-00841-w · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“It is widely recognized that depression in children and adolescents is a serious condition that predicts future depressive episodes and impairs social functioning [4, 5].”
Xu, D.-D., Rao, W.-W., Cao, X.-L., Wen, S., An, F.-R., Che, W., Bressington, D. T., Cheung, T., Ungvari, G., & Xiang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.034 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Chahal, R., Gotlib, I. H., & Guyer, A. E. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13250 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Wu, H., Wang, J., Teng, T., Yin, B., He, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, X., Yu, Y., Li, X., & Zhou, X. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.058 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Clayborne, Z. M., Kingsbury, M. K., Sampasa-Kinyaga, H., Sikora, L., Lalande, K. M., & Colman, I. (2020) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-020-01956-z · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychometric evaluation of two short versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale
Klaufus, L. H., Verlinden, E., van der Wal, M. F., Kösters, M. P., Cuijpers, P. J., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-2444-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Wang, P., Mao, N., Liu, C., Geng, J., Wei, X., Wang, W., Zeng, P., & Li, B. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.073 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Hong, S., Liu, Y. S., Cao, B., Cao, J., Ai, M., Chen, J., Greenshaw, A. J., & Kuang, L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.077 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Adolescent Mental Health Following Exposure to Positive and Harsh Parenting in Childhood
Kingsbury, M. K., Sucha, E., Manion, I. G., Gilman, S. E., & Colman, I. (2019) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743719889551 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationWarren, B. L., Mazei‐Robison, M. S., Robison, A. J., & Iñiguez, S. D. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.02.004 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Mental health of young informal carers: a systematic review
Alfonzo, L. F., Singh, A., Disney, G., Ervin, J., & King, T. L. (2022) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-022-02333-8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
de la Torre, J. A., Puigdomènech, E., García, X. G., Valderas, J. M., Eiroá‐Orosa, F. J., Fernández‐Villa, T., Molina, A. J., Martín, V., Serrano‐Blanco, A., Alonso, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/16388 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“As shown in previous literature [5-10], adolescence is a particularly relevant period for developing depressive disorders.”
BackgroundNondisordered Cannabis Use Among US Adolescents
Sultan, R. S., Zhang, A. W., Olfson, M., Kwizera, M. H., & LEVIN, F. R. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.11294 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Masuyama, A., Shinkawa, H., & Kubo, T. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00368-z · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“This need is reinforced by the evidence that, overall, worsened mental health in adolescents predicts the onset of mental disorders in adulthood (Fogel et al. 2006; Johnson et al. 2018).”
BackgroundUppsala Longitudinal Adolescent Depression Study (ULADS)
Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Ssegonja, R., Hagberg, L., Feldman, I., Sampaio, F., Möller, M., Arinell, H., Ramklint, M., Päären, A., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024939 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“It is now well established that both major depressive disorder (MDD) and subthreshold depression, with first onset in childhood or adolescence, are linked to recurrent episodes of depression and other mental health conditions in adulthood.(23) The pattern of empirical findings on adult social and economic outcomes, on…”
BackgroundBazzano, A. N., Sun, Y., Chavez-Gray, V., Akintimehin, T., Gustat, J., Barrera, D., & Roi, C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912076 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This gap in access to mental health care [8] represents a considerable public health problem given the chronic, relapsing nature of anxiety and depressive disorders, and their debilitating personal, social, and economic burdens over the life course [9,10].”
BackgroundStress, Sleep, and Coping Self-Efficacy in Adolescents
ten Brink, M., Lee, H. Y., Manber, R., Yeager, D. S., & Gross, J. J. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01337-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“for later adult depression, anxiety, and suicidality (Johnson et al. 2017).”
BackgroundWang, K., Hu, Y., He, Q., Xu, F., Wu, Y. J., Yang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.103 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
School mental health prevention and intervention strategies in China: a scoping review
Qu, D., Wen, X., Cheng, X., Zhu, A., Wu, Z., Che, L., & Chen, R. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2024.101243 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Material hardship, perceived stress, and health in early adulthood
Huang, Y., Heflin, C. M., & Фаритовна, В. А. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.08.017 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Suicidal thoughts are a dichotomous variable that measure whether respondents reported yes to the following question: “During the past 12 months, have you ever seriously thought about committing suicide?” These health measures are chosen because they are significant health issues faced by young adults [54e56], and the…”
Wang, S., Hou, W., Tao, Y., Ma, Z., Li, K., Wang, Y., Xu, Z., Liu, X., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1015166 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Camerini, A.-L., Albanese, E., & Marciano, L. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100204 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Understanding Youth’s Lived Experience of Anxiety through Metaphors: A Qualitative, Arts-Based Study
Woodgate, R. L., Tennent, P., & Legras, N. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084315 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Upwards of 50% of adult mental health disorders have their onset during adolescence [1], making timely and effective intervention key to lessening the burden of illness over the long term [9,10].”
BackgroundMak, H. W., Fosco, G. M., & Lanza, S. T. (2020) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12597 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Werner‐Seidler, A., Huckvale, K., Larsen, M. E., Calear, A. L., Maston, K., Johnston, L., Torok, M. H., O’Dea, B., Batterham, P. J., Schweizer, S., et al. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3901-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Alaie, I., Ssegonja, R., Philipson, A., von Knorring, A., Möller, M., von Knorring, L., Ramklint, M., Bohman, H., Feldman, I., Hagberg, L., et al. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02056-2 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Patte, K. A., Faulkner, G., Qian, W., Duncan, M. J., & Leatherdale, S. T. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08887-z · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“About three-quarters of youth experience another MDE within five years (11), and the elevated risk persists into adulthood (1,12,13).”
BackgroundThe Queensland Twin Adolescent Brain Project, a longitudinal study of adolescent brain development
Strike, L., Hansell, N., Chuang, K.-H., Miller, J. L., de Zubicaray, G., Thompson, P., Mcmahon, K., & Wright, M. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1038/s41597-023-02038-w · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Royuela-Colomer, E., Fernández‐González, L., & Orue, I. (2021) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01476-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wisting, L., Johnson, S. U., Bulik, C. M., Andreassen, O. A., Rø, Ø., & Bang, L. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-03013-0 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“as inflammatory bowel disease [3], diabetes [4], cardiovascular disease [5], and psoriasis [6], as well as psychiatric illness, including substance abuse [7], anxiety [8], and eat-”
BackgroundPhilipson, A., Alaie, I., Ssegonja, R., Imberg, H., Copeland, W., Möller, M., Hagberg, L., & Jonsson, U. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796020000360 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Depression in adolescence is linked to recurring episodes and other mental health conditions in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018), with a particularly poor prognosis reported for persistent depressive disorder (PDD) (Jonsson et al.”
BackgroundSsegonja, R., Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Hagberg, L., Sampaio, F., Möller, M., von Knorring, L., Sarkadi, A., Langenskiöld, S., von Knorring, A., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.077 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Tao, Y., Zou, X., Tang, Q., Hou, W., Wang, S., Ma, Z., Liu, G., & Liu, X. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.035 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Liu, S., Fang, Y., Su, Z., Cai, J., & Chen, Z. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05316-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In addition, receiving community care or professional mental health services appeared to improve outcomes in later life [10].”
BackgroundDippel, N., Szota, K., Cuijpers, P. J., Christiansen, H., & Brakemeier, E. (2022) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12392 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Screening for depression in children and adolescents: a protocol for a systematic review update
Beck, A., LeBlanc, J. C., Morissette, K., Hamel, C., Skidmore, B., Colquhoun, H. L., Lang, E., Moore, A. E., Riva, J. J., Thombs, B. D., et al. (2021) · Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1186/s13643-020-01568-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationA mega-analysis of functional connectivity and network abnormalities in youth depression
Tse, N. Y., Ratheesh, A., Tian, Y., Connolly, C. G., Davey, C. G., Ganesan, S., Gotlib, I. H., Harrison, B. J., Han, L. K. M., Ho, T. C., et al. (2024) · Nature Mental Health · doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00309-y · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Early onset is associated with pervasive functional impairments across academic and occupational domains and poorer clinical outcomes 5–9 .”
Ren, P., Liu, B., Xiong, X., Chen, J., & Luo, F. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.048 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Outcome of depressive mood disorder among adolescent outpatients in an eight-year follow-up
Kiviruusu, O., Strandholm, T., Karlsson, L., & Marttunen, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.174 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Mood disorders are also persistent, mostly in the form of recurrence, and it is common for childhood- and adolescent-onset disorders to recur in adulthood (Kessler et al., 2001; Ormel et al., 2014; Johnson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLudlow, K., Russell, J. K., Ryan, B., Brown, R. L., Joynt, T., Uhlmann, L. R., Smith, G. E., Donovan, C., Hides, L., Spence, S. H., et al. (2023) · DIGITAL HEALTH · doi:10.1177/20552076231216410 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Yu, R., Ai, M., Cao, J., Li, X., Hong, S., Huang, Q., Dai, L., Wang, L., Zhao, L., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.925672 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“(4) use Friston-24 model to regress various covariates such as white matter, cerebrospinal fluid and headmovement parameters to minimize the impact of physiological noise on data analysis (37).”
BackgroundMethodLi, P., Huang, N., Yang, X., Fang, Y., & Chen, Z. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104152 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Beames, J. R., Han, J., Shvetcov, A., Zheng, W. Y., Slade, A., Dabash, O., Rosenberg, J., O’Dea, B., Kasthurirathne, S. N., Hoon, L., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35472 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Alaie, I., Låftman, S. B., Jonsson, U., & Bohman, H. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01368-8 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Early-onset depression has also been found to predict poor mental health outcome [2] and impaired psychosocial functioning [3] in adulthood, further underscoring the need for effective treatment and prevention.”
BackgroundLiu, D.-L., Cui, Z.-X., Zhang, Q., Liu, F., Chen, H., Wang, J., & Feng, T. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.043 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Marçal, K. E. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-021-01565-2 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Depression in adolescence has been linked with poor mental health in adulthood including depression, anxiety, and suicidality (Johnson et al., 2018) as well as illicit substance use and intimate partner violence victimization (McLeod et al., 2016).”
BackgroundRoberts, H., Jacobs, R. H., Bessette, K. L., Crowell, S. E., Schreiner, M. W., Thomas, L. R., Easter, R. E., Pocius, S. L., Dillahunt, A. K., Frandsen, S. B., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03193-3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Rubio, A., Oyanedel, J., Cancino, F., Benavente, L., Céspedes, C., Zisis, C., & Páez, D. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.539165 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Blossom, J. B., Adrian, M. C., Stoep, A. V., & McCauley, E. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.05.031 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Tang, P., Kostyrka‐Allchorne, K., Butura, A.-M., Phillips, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102465 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Calcaterra, V., Rossi, V., Magenes, V. C., Baldassarre, P., Grazi, R., Loiodice, M., Fabiano, V., & Zuccotti, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2024.1368283 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“This fi nding aligns with the understanding that the onset of depression during childhood augments the risk of experiencing subsequent depressive episodes in adult life (23).”
The effect of brief exposure to virtual nature on mental wellbeing in adolescents
Owens, M., & Bunce, H. L. I. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-44717-z · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Guo, C., Cui, Y., Xia, Z., Hu, J., Xue, Y., Huang, X., Wan, Y., Fang, J. Q., & Zhang, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.054 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Feeney, A., Hock, R. S., D, M. F. M., Ortiz, J. M. H., Iovieno, N., & Papakostas, G. I. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.074 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Klaufus, L. H., Luijten, M. A. J., Verlinden, E., van der Wal, M. F., Haverman, L., Cuijpers, P. J., Chinapaw, M. J. M., & Terwee, C. B. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02852-y · Cited by 33 · see citing works
de Jonge-Heesen, K. W. J., Rasing, S. P. A., Vermulst, A. A., Scholte, R. H. J., van Ettekoven, K. M., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Creemers, D. H. M. (2020) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01656-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Yang, W., Sun, R., Wang, C., Chen, J., Zhang, C., Yu, J., & Liu, H. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04972-w · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dong, Z., Xie, Q., Xu, F., Shen, X., Hao, Y., Li, J., Xu, H., Peng, Q., & Kuang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.974949 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“In fact, depression has become the second most common cause of death among young (Patton et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2018; Christ et al., 2020; Arzola et al., 2022).”
BackgroundLee, A., & Park, J. K. (2021) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738211065105 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“A meta-analysis using pooled cohorts of 11 studies investigating the association between adolescent and adult depression noted that adolescents with depression had 2.78 (95% CI: 1.97, 3.93) times increased odds of depression in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLiao, S., Luo, B., Liu, H., Zhao, L., Shi, W., Lei, Y., & Jia, P. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“early pregnancy, unemployment [12], and higher risk of depression and suicidality in adulthood [13].”
BackgroundAdverse adolescence experiences, feeling lonely across life stages and loneliness in adulthood
Lin, W.-H., & Chiao, C. (2020) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2020.07.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Prediction of adolescent subjective well‐being: A machine learning approach
Zhang, N., Liu, C., Chen, Z., An, L., Ren, D., Yuan, F., Yuan, R., Ji, L., Bi, Y., Guo, Z., et al. (2019) · General Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/gpsych-2019-100096 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, Y., Zhang, J., Zheng, X., Lu, W., Guo, J., Chen, F., & Liu, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1399580 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Besides, adolescent depression and anxiety are linked to elevated odds of adult depression and anxiety disorders, thereby adding to the long-term burden of disease (16, 17).”
Urbańska-Grosz, J., Sitek, E. J., Pakalska−Korcala, A., Pietraszczyk-Kędziora, B., Skwarska, K., & Walkiewicz, M. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010131 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Of note, the onset of depression during teenage years increases the likelihood of experiencing depressive episodes later in life [6].”
BackgroundIntegrating Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression and the Hopelessness Model in an Adolescent Sample
Pössel, P., & Smith, E. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00604-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Filatova, S., Upadhyaya, S., Kronström, K., Suominen, A., Chudal, R., Luntamo, T., Sourander, A., & Gyllenberg, D. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1652342 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Depression is relatively rare during childhood and the incidence increases after puberty [4], but depression during childhood and adolescence carries a high risk of recurrence [5,6].”
BackgroundMorneau‐Vaillancourt, G., Oginni, O., Assary, E., Krebs, G., Thompson, E. J., Palaiologou, E., Lockhart, C., Arseneault, L., & Eley, T. C. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13847 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“:3) ebert, Brendgen, & Blais, 2022; Zhu et al., 2022), others align with a symptom-driven model, where emotional symptoms precede and perhaps evoke peer victimisation (e.g., Barzeva, Richards, Meeus, & Oldehinkel, 2020; Lee & Vaillancourt, 2019; Pabian & Vandebosch, 2016).”
BackgroundResultWang, C., Tong, Y., Tong, Y., Wang, X., Fang, L., Wen, X., Su, P., Wang, J., & Wang, G. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104185 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Ji, L., Ren, Z., Chen, J., Zhao, H., Zhang, X., Xue, B., & Zhang, D. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05867-0 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Depression in adolescence is not only a major risk factor for suicidal behavior [7] but also increases the risk of adverse psychological outcomes in adulthood, such as major depression and anxiety [8, 9].”
BackgroundAlves, R. L., Oliveira, P., Lopes, I., Portugal, C., Alves, C. J., Barbosa, F., Summavielle, T., & Magalhães, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70242-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wisman, M. A., Emmelkamp, J., Dekker, J., & Christ, C. (2022) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2022.100596 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sampasa‐Kanyinga, H., Colman, I., Dumuid, D., Janssen, I., Goldfield, G. S., Wang, J., Patte, K. A., Leatherdale, S. T., & Chaput, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256867 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Adolescent depression is associated with long-term negative outcomes in adulthood [6,7].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAdolescent depression and adult labor market marginalization: a longitudinal cohort study
Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Ssegonja, R., Copeland, W., Ramklint, M., Bohman, H., & Jonsson, U. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01825-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kaasbøll, J., Sigurdson, J. F., Skokauskas, N., & Sund, A. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247036 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Over recent years, longitudinal cohort studies have provided invaluable knowledge about continuity and changes in depressive symptoms [28, 29] and disorders [3], investigating both the course and outcomes into adulthood in the community settings.”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, Y., Lynne‐Landsman, S. D., Witherspoon, D. O., & Black, M. M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228585 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“bulimia and anorexia [6], and depressive symptoms have been associated with academic problems and failure, substance abuse, self-harming behaviors and suicide [7] and depression in adulthood [8].”
BackgroundGriffith, J. M., Crawford, C. M., Oppenheimer, C. W., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00564-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“1997); however, research is needed to clarify parenting behaviors contributing to youth onset of depressive disorder, given high levels of distress and impairment associated with an onset of clinical depressive disorder during childhood or adolescence (Avenevoli et al. 2015; Fergusson and Woodward 2002; Keenan-Miller…”
BackgroundAdolescent neurocognitive development and decision-making abilities regarding gender-affirming care
Ravindranath, O., Perica, M. I., Parr, A. C., Ojha, A., McKeon, S. D., Montano, G. T., Ullendorff, N., Luna, B., & Edmiston, E. K. (2024) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101351 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“While minimal research has examined how adolescent mental illness affects adult neurocognitive outcomes, it has been shown that adolescent depression is associated with greater risk for depression recurrence, anxiety, and suicidality in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundFox, D. J., & Hanes, D. A. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Mental Health Literacy Scale Arabic Version: A Validation Study Among Saudi University Students
Alshehri, E., Alosaimi, D. N., Rufaidi, E., Alsomali, N., & Tumala, R. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.741146 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gladstone, T. R. G., Schwartz, J. A. J., Pössel, P., Richer, A. M., Buchholz, K. R., & Rintell, L. S. (2021) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-021-01216-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rasmussen, S. A., Cramer, R. J., McFadden, C., Haile, C., Sime, V. L., & Wilsey, C. N. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2019.1691693 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Cheung, S., & Huang, C.-C. (2020) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260520967754 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Much of the existing literature on teen depression and depression symptoms have shown supporting evidence for the fact that depression among adolescents is associated with a broad range of negative outcomes, both during adolescence as well as in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018; Keenan-Miller et al., 2007; Naicker et a…”
BackgroundRichardson, C. E., Magson, N. R., Oar, E. L., Fardouly, J., Johnco, C. J., Freeman, J. Y. A., & Rapee, R. M. (2024) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026241230458 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…in adolescence, symptoms of these disorders are associated with significant burden (Klaufus et al., 2022) and adverse long-term outcomes, including worse educational outcomes, unemployment, and worse mental health and suicidality in adulthood (Clayborne et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2018).”
Macedo, M., Sato, J. R., Bressan, R. A., & Pan, P. M. (2022) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.47626/1516-4446-2021-2032 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Păsărelu, C.-R., Dobrean, A., Andersson, G., & Zaharie, G. C. (2021) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2021.100479 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Wångby‐Lundh, M., Lundh, L., Claréus, B., Bjärehed, J., & Daukantaité, D. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-023-00660-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, [41, 42]) this might make it more difficult to stop engaging in NSSI.”
BackgroundQiu, X., Li, J., Pan, F., Yang, Y., Zhou, W., Chen, J., Wei, N., Lu, S., Weng, X., Huang, M., et al. (2023) · Psychoradiology · doi:10.1093/psyrad/kkad017 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Compared with adult MDD, adolescent MDD is associated with an increased risk for the recurrence of MDD during adulthood (Nardi et al. , 2013 ) and a higher rate of suicide (Johnson et al. , 2018 ).”
BackgroundSmith, L., Sánchez, G. F. L., Oh, H. Y., Rahmati, M., Tully, M. A., Yon, D. K., Butler, L., Barnett, Y., Ball, G., Shin, J. I., et al. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115485 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Moreover, depression in adolescence can also have long-term negative effects that can last into adulthood; this includes depression in adulthood (Johnson et al., 2018), but also a range of other problems including anxiety, illicit drug disorders, criminality, and impaired social functioning…”
Longitudinal Relationships Between Help-Seeking Intentions and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
Yamaguchi, S., Ando, S., Miyashita, M., Usami, S., Yamasaki, S., Endo, K., DeVylder, J., Stanyon, D., Baba, K., Nakajima, N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.06.033 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ssegonja, R., Sampaio, F., Alaie, I., Philipson, A., Hagberg, L., Murray, K., Sarkadi, A., Langenskiöld, S., Jonsson, U., & Feldman, I. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.076 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Longitudinal studies have demonstrated the dire consequences of adolescent depression both in the short-and long-term (Alaie et al., 2019; Clayborne et al., 2019; Johnson et al., 2018; Linder et al., 2019).”
BackgroundLin, C.-X., Qing, Z., Yan, C.-H., Tang, S.-J., Wang, C.-L., Yang, X., & Liu, X. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00244-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ahmed, T., Ivan, S., Munir, A., & Ahmed, S. (2024) · Natural Language Processing Journal · doi:10.1016/j.nlp.2024.100079 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
- Authors
- Johnson, D., Dupuis, G., Piche, J., Clayborne, Z., & Colman, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario; Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Corresponding author
- Colman, Ian
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-06-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 700-716
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2807093528
- Cited by
- 563
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 87 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 5.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canada Research Chairs
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- adolescent depression, adult depression, suicidality, long-term mental health outcomes, longitudinal cohort, early intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Suicide
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
