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Cited by 110Grief, Bereavement, and Mental HealthPosttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchDeath, Funerary Practices, and Mourning

Symptomatology following loss and trauma: Latent class and network analyses of prolonged grief disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in a treatment-seeking trauma-exposed sample

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Djelantik, A. A. A. Manik J., Robinaugh, Donald J., Kleber, Rolf J., Smid, Geert E., Boelen, Paul A.·2020·Depression and Anxiety
DOI 10.1002/da.22880PMC PMC7004006
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although bereavement is likely a common stressor among patients referred to a psychotrauma clinic, no study has yet examined the co-occurrence and relationships between symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder symptoms in this population. METHOD: In a sample of patients seeking treatment following psychological trauma (n = 458), we used latent class analysis to identify classes of patients sharing the same profile of PGD, PTSD, and depression symptoms. We then used network analysis to investigate the relationships among these symptoms and with loss-related variables. RESULTS: Most participants (65%) were members of a class that exhibited elevated endorsement of PGD symptoms. PGD, PTSD, and depression symptoms hung together as highly overlapping but distinguishable communities of symptoms. Symptoms related to social isolation and diminished sense of self bridged these communities. Violent loss was associated with more difficulty accepting the loss. The loss of close kin was most strongly associated with difficulty moving on in life. CONCLUSIONS: PGD symptoms are common in trauma-exposed bereaved adults and closely associated with symptoms of PTSD and depression, illustrating the importance of assessing bereavement and PGD symptoms in those seeking treatment following trauma.

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Authors
Djelantik, A. A. A. M. J., Robinaugh, D. J., Kleber, R. J., Smid, G. E., & Boelen, P. A.
Affiliations
  • Utrecht University (NL)
  • Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
  • Arq Psychotrauma Expert Group (NL)
Corresponding author
Djelantik, A. A. A. Manik J.
ORCID
Venue
Depression and Anxiety
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2019-02-06
Volume
37
Issue
1
Pages
26-34
ISSN
  • 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-6394
DOI
10.1002/da.22880
PMC
PMC7004006
OpenAlex
W2914326835
Cited by
110
References
57
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 1
FWCI
15.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Humanistic Studies OAI Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH113805)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Anthropology › Death, Funerary Practices, and Mourning
Keywords
prolonged grief disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, bereavement, loss of a loved one, symptom co-occurrence, psychotrauma, social isolation, acceptance of loss
MeSH terms
Psychological Trauma, Latent Class Analysis, Bereavement, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Grief, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Social Isolation, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Violence, Young Adult

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