U.S. Census Bureau‐assessed prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms in 2019 and during the 2020 COVID‐19 pandemic
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BACKGROUND: The disruptions to daily life caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may have impacted mental health, particularly mood disorders. This study aimed to compare prevalence rates of anxiety disorder and depressive disorder in national samples in the U.S. before and during the pandemic. METHODS: Participants (n = 336,525) were from U.S. Census Bureau-administered nationally representative probability samples, one from the first half of 2019 and four during the pandemic in April and May 2020. All participants completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 screening for depressive disorder and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 screening for anxiety disorders. RESULTS: Compared to U.S. adults in 2019, U.S. adults in April and May 2020 were more than three times as likely to screen positive for depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, or one or both, with more than one out of three screening positive for one or both. The prevalence of anxiety decreased slightly between the April 23-May 4, 2020 and the May 21-26, 2020 administrations, while the prevalence of depression increased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: U.S. adults in 2020 are considerably more likely to screen positive for mood disorders than in 2019, with anxiety declining and depression increasing from April to May.
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Recent studies with over 17,000 people in the UK and over 300,000 people in the US found significantly increased rates of anxiety and depression during the pandemic compared with pre-COVID-19.
“Recent studies with over 17,000 people in the United Kingdom (UK) (Pierce et al., 2020) and over 300,000 people in the United States (US) (Twenge & Joiner, 2020) found significantly increased rates of anxiety and depression during the pandemic compared to pre COVID-19.”
From Unguided low intensity cognitive behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A randomised trial (2021) · cites this paper as Twenge & Joiner, 2020
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- Authors
- Twenge, J. M., & Joiner, T. E.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Twenge, Jean M.
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-07-15
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 954-956
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6394
- PMC
- PMC7405486
- OpenAlex
- W3041948969
- Cited by
- 443
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 128 · 2020: 24
- FWCI
- 35.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Military Suicide Research Consortium (W81XWH-16-20003)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, mood disorders, prevalence, mental health, PHQ-2, screening, temporal trends, United States adults
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Pneumonia, Viral, Prevalence, Coronavirus Infections, Censuses, Pandemics
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