Impact on mental health due to covid-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional study in Portugal and Brazil.
Open accessAbstract
Mental health effects secondary to the COVID-19 pandemic were till recently considered less important or were neglected. Portugal and Brazil are facing the pandemic in quite different ways. This study aimed to describe the mental health status of the general adult population in Portugal and Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic and analyze the differences between the two countries. A cross-sectional quantitative study was based on an online questionnaire. Socio-demographic data were collected in addition to four validated scales: CAGE (acronym cut-annoyed-guilty-eye) Questionnaire, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-2. For each outcome, a multiple linear regression was performed. Five hundred and fifty people answered the questionnaire (435 women). The median age was 38 (Q1, Q3: 30, 47) years, 52.5% resided in Brazil and 47.5% in Portugal. The prevalence of anxiety was 71.3% (mild anxiety was present in 43.1%), the prevalence of depression was 24.7% and 23.8% of the sample had both depression and anxiety. Isolation was a significant factor for depression but not for anxiety. Well-being was below average. Mental illness was considerably higher than pre-COVID-19 levels. Portugal and Brazil will have to be prepared for future consequences of poor mental health and contribute immediate psychological support to their adult populations.
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Recent data concerning immediate psychological impact among Portuguese individuals suggest that participants reported higher levels of moderate to severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than previously.
“recent data concerning immediate psychological impact among Portuguese individuals suggest that participants reported higher levels of moderate to severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than previously (Passos et al., 2020; Paulino et al., 2020; Moreira et al., 2021).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Passos et al., 2020
The Results and Conclusions (pages not provided) report moderate and severe anxiety and say mental illness was more prevalent than before COVID-19 in Portugal and Brazil. However, the figures are for a combined Portuguese–Brazilian sample, depression is not classified by severity, and stress was not measured. The study also did not collect participants’ prior mental-health status, so it cannot establish that these participants’ symptoms had increased. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Authors
- Passos, L., Prazeres, F., Teixeira, A., & Martins, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- University of Beira Interior (PT)
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Prazeres, Filipe
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-17
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 6794
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7557976
- OpenAlex
- W3084662312
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 11.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- This article was supported by National Funds through FCT - Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia,I.P., within CINTESIS, R&D Unit ((reference UIDB/4255/2020).)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, anxiety, depression, isolation, well-being, life satisfaction, CAGE questionnaire, GAD-7, PHQ-2, Portugal, Brazil, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Anxiety, Brazil, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Portugal, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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