Mental distress among U.S. adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic substantially changed daily life in ways that may impact mental health. This study compared a nationally representative online sample of 2,032 U.S. adults in late April 2020 to 19,330 U.S. adult internet users who participated in the 2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) using the Kessler-6 scale of mental distress in the last 30 days. Compared to the 2018 NHIS sample, U.S. adults in April 2020 were eight times more likely to fit criteria for serious mental illness (27.7% vs. 3.4%) and three times more likely to fit criteria for moderate or serious mental illness (70.4% vs. 22.0%). Differences between the 2018 and 2020 samples appeared across all demographic groups, with larger differences among younger adults and those with children in the household. These considerable levels of mental distress may portend substantial increases in diagnosed mental disorders and in the morbidity and mortality associated with them.
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- Authors
- Twenge, J., & Joiner, T.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Twenge, Jean
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Center for Open Science
- Published
- 2020-05-07
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2170-2182
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7675251
- OpenAlex
- W3092116430
- Cited by
- 330
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 73 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 25.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological distress, Kessler-6, mental health, demographic differences, young adults, families with children
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, COVID-19, Adult, Mental Disorders, Child, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Stress, Psychological, United States, Young Adult, Pandemics
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