Renewable energy harvesting with the application of nanotechnology: A review

May combine two claims.

Employing nanotechnology modifies PV structures, which can improve PV performance.

“Based on the literature, employing nanotechnology enhances the heat transfer rate in photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems and modifies PV structures, which can improve its performance, making fuel cells much cost-effective and improving the performance of biofuel industry through utilization of nanocatalysts, manufacturing materials with high durability and lower weight for wind energy industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Nanotechnology makes fuel cells much cost-effective.

“Based on the literature, employing nanotechnology enhances the heat transfer rate in photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems and modifies PV structures, which can improve its performance, making fuel cells much cost-effective and improving the performance of biofuel industry through utilization of nanocatalysts, manufacturing materials with high durability and lower weight for wind energy industry.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several nanoscale materials have the ability to self-assemble and be changed into ordered structures spontaneously.

“Several nanoscale materials have the ability to self-assemble and be changed into ordered structured spontaneously.”

• cites [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Carbon black nanofluid obtained higher photothermal performance efficiency and was more cost-effective than Au and Cu nanofluids.

“Zeiny et al 41 compared the photothermal performance of three different nanofluids including Au, Cu, and carbon black and reported that carbon black nanofluid obtained higher performance efficiency and also was more cost-effective.”

• cites Zeiny et al 41Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Exergy efficiency of CuO-based nanofluid was 9.05%.

“In addition, thermal analysis declared that the exergy efficiency of the CuO-based nanofluid was 9.05%.”

• cites Allouhi et al 45Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Optimum efficiency was obtained when cooling channel height was 10 mm and concentration of nanofluid was 4% volume and Re=30000 at solar concentration of 200 W/m2.

“it was stated that the optimum efficiency was obtained when the cooling channel height was 10 mm and concentration of nanofluid was 4% volume and Re = 30000 (ie, Re: Reynolds number) at a solar concentration of 200 W/m 2 .”

• cites [67] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nanotechnology makes benefits in slick coatings, which decrease the occurrence of fouling in cooling water intakes.

“making benefits in slick coatings, which decrease the occurrence of fouling in cooling water intakes.”

• cites [22][23][24][25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Safety and cost are two challenging issues in nanofluid solar systems.

“It was concluded that nanofluids are beneficial in improving the thermal conductivity, the specific heat of nanofluids are not following the same trend in solar systems, and finally, safety and cost are the two challenging issues in this field of study.”

• cites Khanafer and Vafai 39Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Nanotechnology has the ability to improve efficiency, energy conversion, conservation, and storage of solar energy in different aspects.

“Nanotechnology has the ability to improve efficiency, energy conversion, conservation, and storage of solar energy in different aspects such as the following:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Nanotechnology helps manufacture resistant ceramics for use as insulators in transmission lines.

“Nanotechnology helps to manufacture resistant ceramics for utilizing as an insulator in transmission lines,”

• cites [18][19][20][21]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Al2O3-water nanofluid with 5% volumetric concentration had better performance in cooling and improved efficiency; electrical efficiency reaches 70% and thermal efficiency up to 59%.

“Results indicated that nanofluid had better performance in cooling and improved efficiency of the system and electrical efficiency reaches to 70% and thermal efficiency up to 59%.”

• cites Xu and Kleinstreuer 66Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TiO2 has a photocatalytic property originating from formation of photogenerated charge carriers upon absorption of UV light corresponding to band gap.

“TiO 2 has a photocatalytic property, which originated from the formation of the photogenerated charge carriers (electrons and holes), which happen sup on the absorption of ultraviolet (UV) light corresponding to the band gap.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The specific heat of nanofluids does not follow the same trend in solar systems.

“It was concluded that nanofluids are beneficial in improving the thermal conductivity, the specific heat of nanofluids are not following the same trend in solar systems, and finally, safety and cost are the two challenging issues in this field of study.”

• cites Khanafer and Vafai 39Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Many chemical and electrical reactions happen at surfaces and are highly dependent on the shape of the surface and chemical compositions of reactants.

“This is an appropriate property since many reactions (both chemical and electrical) happen at surfaces and are highly dependent on the shape of the surface and chemical compositions of reactants.”

• cites [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At volumetric concentrations higher than 2%, efficiency remained approximately constant and applying nanoparticles had no considerable influence on system performance.

“However, at volumetric concentrations higher than 2%, the efficiency remained approximately constant and applying NPs had no considerable influence on the system performance.”

• cites Tyagi et al 43Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Increase in temperature of solar cells due to radiation absorption leads to growing reverse saturation current, reduction in open voltage and energy gap.

“Increase in temperature of solar cells, due to radiation absorption, leads to growing reverse saturation current, reduction in open voltage and energy gap, etc.”

• cites [57] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The recorded reduction was 39.7% for helical channel and 53.8% for straight channel.

“The recorded reduction was 39.7% for helical channel and 53.8% for the straight channel.”

• cites Karami and Rahimi 65Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Nanotechnology is applied in renewable energy technologies such as solar, wind, and ocean energy, called green energy due to environmental advantages, enabling societies to reduce dependency on petroleum and overcome environmental problems related to fossil fuels.

“Nanotechnology is also applied in renewable energies' technologies such as solar, wind, and ocean energy, called green energy due to their environmental advantages, which enable societies to reduce their dependency on petroleum supplies and overcome environmental problems related to the use of fossil fuels.”

• cites [29] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [30] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Nanotechnology can enhance the conductivity of materials and provides superconductors at room temperature instead of having superconductivity at extremely high temperatures.

“Moreover, nanotechnology can enhance the conductivity of materials and provides superconductor at room temperature instead of having superconductivity property at extremely high temperatures.”

• cites [26][27][28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Nanostructured materials have a higher surface to unit weight volume ratio, making them more appropriate for interacting with other materials.

“In addition, nanostructured materials have a higher surface to unit weight volume ratio, which makes them more appropriate for interacting with other materials.”

• cites [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TiO2 nanoparticles are used because of their ability in oxidizing and decomposing organic pollutant.

“TiO 2 NPs are used because of their ability in oxidizing and decomposing organic pollutant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TiO2 nanosheets can be used in self-cleaning glass because of specifications such as flat surface, low turbidity, high aspect ratio, and excellent adhesion to substrates.

“TiO 2 nanosheets can be used in self-cleaning glass because of their specifications such as having a flat surface, low turbidity, high aspect ratio, and excellent adhesion to substrates.”

• cites [51] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Among tested concentrations, 0.4% showed best most effective performance, resulting in 20.5% and 37.6% electrical efficiency for straight and helical inserted microchannels.

“Among tested concentrations, 0.4% showed the best most effective performance, which resulted in 20.5% and 37.6% electrical efficiency for the straight and helical inserted microchannels, respectively.”

• cites Karami and Rahimi 65Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Applied electrolyte in SOFCs contains alloy of limited earth materials including yttrium-stabilized zircon dioxide, a ceramic material.

“Generally, the applied electrolyte in these fuel cells contains an alloy of limited earth materials including yttrium-stabilized zircon dioxide, a ceramic material.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Applied electrolyte in alkaline fuel cells contains 35%-50% KOH with more affordable catalyst.

“The applied electrolyte in these types of fuel cells contains 35%-50% KOH with the more affordable catalyst.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Fuel cells produce electricity based on electrochemical reaction of fuel, hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuels, and an oxidizer such as oxygen.

“Fuel cells produce electricity based on the electrochemical reaction of fuel, hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuels, and an oxidizer such as oxygen and its pertinent apparatuses to flow the fuel through the system and eliminate the water produced in the reaction, a compressor or blower for cooling the stack and transferring oxygen to the system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Advanced nanostructural catalysts facilitate hydrocarbon reforming at low temperatures (below 100°C).

“Advanced nanostructural catalysts facilitate hydrocarbon reforming at low temperatures (below 100°C).”

May combine two claims.

Conversion efficiency of DSSC and thermoelectric modules were 4.83% and 1.48%, respectively.

“Based on the obtained results, the conversion efficiency of the DSSC and thermoelectric modules (TEM) were 4.83% and 1.48%, respectively.”

• cites Chang et al 80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Main disadvantage of alkaline fuel cells is that surrounding CO2 can deteriorate their performance.

“The main disadvantage of alkaline fuel cells is that surrounding CO 2 can deteriorate their performance.”

• cites [88][89][90]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Coating process augments temperature about 2°C and increases voltage by 15%.

“In addition, this coating process augments the temperature about 2°C and also increase the voltage by 15%.”

• cites Chang et al 80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Single-crystal-like TiO2 nanowires fabricated with surfactant at low temperature had four times greater performance compared with commercial product P-25, and overall cell efficiency was 9.3%.

“Their experiment revealed that utilizing this special morphology was four times greater in comparison with commercial product P-25, and overall cell efficiency was 9.3%.”

• cites Adachi et al 84Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

High-temperature working conditions cause slow startup and necessity of appropriate thermal shielding to preserve heat and keep safe personnel with severe durability requirements on materials.

“High-temperature working conditions cause slow startup and necessity of appropriate thermal shielding to preserve heat and keep safe personnel with severe durability requirements on materials.”

May combine two claims.

Energy analysis for PV/T system at flow rate 0.17 kg/s and solar flux 1000 W/m2 resulted in thermal efficiency 81.7% and electrical efficiency 13.5% with best total energy coefficient (COE) of 0.9.

“Energy analysis for the PV/T system at a flow rate of 0.17 kg/s and solar flux of 1000 W/m 2 resulted in the thermal efficiency of 81.7% and electrical efficiency of 13.5% with the best total energy coefficient (COE) of 0.9.”

• cites Al-Shamani et al 79Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Expected efficiency of MCFCs is 60% to 65%.

“The expected efficiency is in the range of 60% to 65%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In regular combustion process, all produced energy release as heat; part of released energy of electrochemical reaction is electricity, rest heat; process is more efficient for electrical devices and automobiles.

“In the regular combustion process, all the produced energy release as heat.However, part of the released energy of this electrochemical reaction is electricity; the rest of energy is heat-apparently, this process is more efficient for electrical devices and automobiles.”

May combine two claims.

Platinum catalyst is significantly sensitive to CO poisoning, making it crucial to apply additional reactor to decrease CO in fuel gas if hydrogen is extracted from alcohol or hydrocarbon fuel or provide catalysts more resistant to CO.

“Additionally, the platinum catalyst is also significantly sensitive to carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, making it crucial to apply an additional reactor to decrease CO in the fuel gas if the hydrogen is extracted from alcohol or hydrocarbon fuel or provide the catalysts more resistant to CO.”

• cites [91] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

PEMFCs deliver higher power in more compact sizes compared with other fuel cells that work in temperature range 50°C and 80°C with efficiencies from 50% to 60%.

“The advantages of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), also known as polymer electrolyte fuel cell or ion exchange membrane, include delivering higher power in more compact sizes compared with other fuel cells that work in the temperature range of 50°C and 80°C with efficiencies from 50% to 60%.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Cu/water nanofluid had better performance in cooling and resulted in higher efficiency than pure water in glazed and unglazed PV/T systems.

“The nanofluid had better performance in cooling and resulted in higher efficiency.”

• cites Michael and Iniyan 78Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Gases made from coal can be utilized in SOFCs directly since they are inert to CO.

“The gases that are made from coal can be utilized in these fuel cells directly since they are inert to CO.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

PAFCs utilize liquid phosphoric acid as electrolyte with efficiency of 55% and working temperature 160°C to 220°C.

“It is known that phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) utilize liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte with the efficiency of 55% and working temperature in the range of 160°C to 220°C.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

MCFCs operate at temperatures 620°C to 660°C and electrolyte is composition of molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in ceramic LiAlO2, porous and inert.

“Molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) operate at temperatures in the range of 620°C to 660°C and its electrolyte is the composition of a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a ceramic lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO 2 ), which is porous and inert.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The reaction is aided by the catalyst.

“The reaction is aided by the catalyst.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Using costly platinum as catalyst is main reason PAFCs are expensive.

“Also, using the costly platinum as a catalyst is the main reason that PAFCs are expensive.”

• cites [92] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Increase in concentration led to higher efficiency while higher velocity decreased efficiencies.

“In addition, it was found that an increase in concentration led to a higher efficiency while higher velocity decreased efficiencies.”

• cites Khanjari et al 75Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Major technical problems hydrogen economy challenging are storing and purifying hydrogen, designing appropriate membranes for fuel cells, and increasing portion of water-based hydrogen production compared with fossil-based hydrogen generation.

“The major technical problems that hydrogen economy are challenging with are storing and purifying hydrogen, designing appropriate membranes for using in fuel cells, and increasing the portion of water-based hydrogen production in comparison to fossil-based hydrogen generation in order to reinforce the independence of the hydrogen economy.”

May combine two claims.

Adding nanoparticles improves cooling and concentration of nanofluid plays an important role in cooling performance.

“Obtained results showed that adding NPs improves cooling and the concentration of nanofluid plays an important role in cooling performance as shown in Figure 3A.”

• cites Radwan et al 68, Lelea et al 69Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Water-based nanofluids had better cooling performance and Cu/water nanofluid showed best cooling ability.

“Results indicated that water-based nanofluids had better cooling performance and Cu/water nanofluid showed the best cooling ability.”

• cites Rejeb et al 74Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Thermoelectric conversion efficiency of TEG and total output power increased up to 10% and 2.4%, respectively.

“Therefore, the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the TEG and the total output power increased up to 10% and 2.4%, respectively.”

• cites Chang et al 80Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Since just hydrogen and oxygen react in a fuel cell, this process prevents production of nitrogen oxide.

“Since just hydrogen and oxygen react with each other in a fuel cell, this process will prevent the production of nitrogen oxide, which is a fundamental component of air pollution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Hydrogen is stored more densely in comparison with other conventional gases.

“For instance, one amazing fact about hydrogen storage is that hydrogen is stored more densely in comparison with other conventional gases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Nitrogen is most abundant element in atmosphere, approximately 80% of air is nitrogen, while it does not play a role in cold combustion.

“Nitrogen is the most abundant element in the atmosphere, approximately 80% of the air is nitrogen, while it does not play a role in cold combustion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Disadvantages of PAFCs are larger size, more massive, and less powerful than other fuel cells given same weight and volume.

“The disadvantages of PAFCs are larger size, more massive, and less powerful than other fuel cells given the same weight and volume.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

SOFCs work at high temperatures 800°C to 1000°C and efficiency is 55% to 65%.

“Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) work at high temperatures that are in the range of 800°C to 1000°C and these fuel cells' efficiency is 55% to 65%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Fuel cells perform nearly silently and generate electricity with low voltage (0.6 to 0.7 V).

“Fuel cells perform nearly silently and generate electricity with low voltage (0.6 to 0.7 V).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

PEMFCs need an expensive catalyst (typically platinum) to separate hydrogen's electrons and protons.

“In order to separate the hydrogen's electrons and protons, it can be noticed that PEMFCs need an expensive catalyst (typically platinum).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Operation temperature of alkaline fuel cells is 60°C-90°C, and efficiency of chemical fuel to electricity conversion is 50%-60%.

“The operation temperature of alkaline fuel cells is 60°C-90°C, and the efficiency of chemical fuel to electricity conversion is 50%-60%.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Al2O3/synthetic oil was unfavorable compared with Al2O3/water both in thermal and hydraulic aspects.

“It was concluded that Al 2 O 3 /synthetic oil was unfavorable in comparison with Al 2 O 3 / water both in thermal and hydraulic aspects.”

• cites Sharaf and Orhan 71Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In fuel cells, hydrogen and oxygen react to generate electricity and product is nonpolluting water; therefore, fuel cells are very efficient, profitable, and compact and play an important role in future energy.

“In other words, in fuel cells, hydrogen and oxygen react to generate electricity and the product of the reaction is nonpolluting water; therefore, fuel cells are very efficient, profitable, and compact and play an important role in the future energy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By producing biofuel with algae by applying nanocatalyzed reaction, it is possible to prevent greenhouse gas emission.

“by producing biofuel with algae by applying nanocatalyzed reaction, it is possible to prevent greenhouse gas emission.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

By applying nanotechnology, the efficiency of PV/T systems will improve due to higher heat transfer ability of nanofluids applied for heat transfer.

“By applying nanotechnology, the efficiency of PV/T systems will improve due to higher heat transfer ability of nanofluids applied for heat transfer.”

May combine two claims.

Corrosion of wind turbine blades can be prevented or decreased by using a protective coating that decreases maintenance cost and prolongs the life of wind turbines.

“corrosion of the blade, which can be prevented, or decrease, by using a protective coating that decreases maintenance cost and prolongs the life of wind turbines.”

• cites [144] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Oxygen reduction reaction distinct action of Pt developed swiftly with enhanced particle size from 1.3 nm, and mass activity was maximized at 2.2 nm.

“Shao et al 112 clarified that the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) distinct action of Pt developed swiftly with the enhanced particle size from 1.3 nm, and the mass activity was maximized at 2.2 nm.”

• cites Shao et al 112Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

One facing challenge in design procedure of a hydride is that selected hydride should be able to release hydrogen at proper speed and with acceptable efficiency.

“One of the facing challenges in the design procedure of a hydride is that the selected hydride should be able to release hydrogen at the proper speed and with acceptable efficiency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Since hydrogen is chemically constrained in a solid hydride, its atoms are able to be packed densely even at room temperature.

“Since hydrogen is chemically constrained in a solid hydride, its atoms are able to be packed densely even at room temperature.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

0D hollow nanospheres retain 98% capacity after 200 cycles.

“| | | 98% capacity |”

• cites [100] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Renewable energy resources including solar, geothermal, wind, and ocean power exploited by applying nanotechnologies will be a reliable and appropriate choice to decrease energy systems dependency on depleting fossil fuels and overcome related issues.

“Renewable energy resources including solar, geothermal, wind, and ocean power exploited by applying nanotechnologies will be a reliable and appropriate choice to decrease energy systems dependency on depleting fossil fuels and overcome their related issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Graphene could perform as an effective anode support material for PEMFCs.

“According to Seger and Kamat, 106 graphene could perform as an effective anode support material for PEMFCs.”

• cites Seger and Kamat 106Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Using nanocatalysts improves conversion efficiency, enhances gas products' quality, and reduces tar content.

“Using nanocatalysts improve the conversion efficiency and enhance the gas products' quality as well as reducing the tar content.”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [135] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In wind energy, materials with higher durability and lower weight are achievable by applying nanotechnology.

“In wind energy, materials with higher durability and lower weight are achievable by applying nanotechnology.”

May combine two claims.

Carbon support material corrosion can degrade catalyst, causing catalyst NPs to detach from the support and sinter on the membrane, leading to poor fuel cell performance.

“the carbon support materials corrosive specification can degrade catalyst, as a resulting catalyst NPs detach from the support and sinter on the membrane, leading to poor fuel cell performance.”

• cites [118] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites [119] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

Magnetic solid base catalyst CaO/Fe3O4 (size 49 nm) is utilized for biodiesel synthesis from Jatropha oil.

“| Magnetic solid base catalysts | 49 | Jatropha oil |”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MgO nanocatalyst (size 100 nm) is utilized for biodiesel synthesis from sunflower oil.

“| MgO | 100 | Sunflower oil |”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ZrO2 loaded with C4H4O6 HK nanocatalyst (size 30 nm) is utilized for biodiesel synthesis from soybean oil.

“| ZrO 2 loaded with C 4 H 4 O 6 HK | 30 | Soybean oil |”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

3D VA-CNT graphene with Ni(OH)2 coating retains 96% capacity after 20,000 cycles.

“| | graphene with | 96% capacity retention |”

• cites [100] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MgO nanocatalyst (size 60 nm) is utilized for biodiesel synthesis from soybean oil.

“| Mgo | 60 | Soybean oil |”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

KF/Al2O3 nanocatalyst (size 50 nm) is utilized for biodiesel synthesis from canola oil.

“| KF/Al 2 O 3 | 50 | Canola oil |”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

TiO2-ZnO nanocatalyst (size 34.2 nm) is utilized for biodiesel synthesis from palm oil.

“| TiO 2 -ZnO | 34.2 | Palm oil |”

• cites [131] sourceNot checked — no full text of the source