Developed hydrogen liquefaction process using liquefied natural gas cold energy: Design, energy optimization, and techno‐economic feasibility
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This study focuses primarily on improving large-scale hydrogen liquefaction process by integrating liquefied natural gas (LNG) stream to utilize LNG cold energy. For the hydrogen liquefaction process, a large amount of energy is required for the compression and the cryogenic refrigeration system. LNG is one of the main sources for producing hydrogen, and it can be an opportunity to save energy because LNG cold energy is normally discarded into seawater during regasification. The objective of this study is to reduce the specific energy consumption and specific liquefaction cost. The proposed design which produces 300 ton/day of liquid hydrogen is compared with a base case design comprising two-stage mixed refrigerant refrigeration cycles. To minimize the specific energy consumption, multiparameter optimization is conducted by connecting simulation results to a genetic algorithm. Through the optimization, the flow rates of LNG and MR in the precooling cycle decrease by 1.08 and 21.00 kg/s, respectively. The specific energy consumption is reduced from 4.36 to 4.07 kWh/kg-LH2. Particularly, in the precooling cycle where the LNG stream is integrated, it decreases by more than 26.40%. Regarding the specific liquefaction cost of hydrogen liquefaction, the capital expenses are reduced by 15.16%, and annual operating expenses are diminished by 9.05%. Therefore, the total specific cost liquefaction shows a reduction of approximately 7.7%. Overall, an efficient hydrogen liquefaction process will provide a guideline for LNG-dependent countries by reducing the specific energy consumption and the specific liquefaction cost by recovering the waste cold energy.
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Most of the cold energy of LNG (830 kJ/kg) is lost in seawater as it changes phase from liquid (114 K) to gas or is partially heated before being compressed and entering pipelines.
“In general, most of the cold energy of LNG (830 kJ/kg) is lost in seawater as it changes phase from liquid (114 K) to gas or is partially heated before being compressed and entering pipelines.”
From Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review (2023) · cites this paper as [217]
The Introduction says that a large amount of LNG cold energy is typically discarded to seawater during regasification. Section 2 describes approximately 220 kcal/kg of recoverable energy and an LNG inlet temperature of −165 °C, but does not support the claimed 830 kJ/kg or 114 K. The cited passages also do not establish the stated sequence of partial heating, compression, and pipeline entry. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCho et al. found that modification of the liquefaction structure using regasification of LNG and its optimization decreased the SEC from 4.36 to 4.07 kWh/kgLH2.
“The results indicated that the modification of the liquefaction structure using regasification of LNG and its optimization decreased the SEC from 4.36 to 4.07 kWh/kgLH2.”
From Strategies To Improve the Performance of Hydrogen Storage Systems by Liquefaction Methods: A Comprehensive Review (2023) · cites this paper as [217]
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- Authors
- Cho, S., Park, J., Noh, W., Lee, I., & Moon, I.
- Affiliations
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Yonsei University (KR)
- Pusan National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Inkyu
- Moon, Il
- Venue
- International Journal of Energy Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-04-14
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 14745-14760
- ISSN
- 0363-907X (ISSN-L)
- 1099-114X
- OpenAlex
- W3154552452
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 4.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Energy Research (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Thermodynamic and Exergetic Analyses of Power and Cooling Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Control and Systems Engineering › Process Optimization and Integration
- Keywords
- hydrogen liquefaction, liquefied natural gas, LNG cold energy recovery, two-stage refrigeration, specific energy consumption, genetic algorithm optimization, cryogenic refrigeration
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