A strocytic glutamine synthetase is expressed in the neuronal somatic layers and down‐regulated proportionally to neuronal loss in the human epileptic hippocampus
Abstract
Human mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) features subregion‐specific hippocampal neurodegeneration and reactive astrogliosis, including up‐regulation of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and down‐regulation of glutamine synthetase (GS). However, the regional astrocytic expression pattern of GFAP and GS upon MTLE‐associated neurodegeneration still remains elusive. We assessed GFAP and GS expression in strict correlation with the local neuronal number in cortical and hippocampal surgical specimens from 16 MTLE patients using immunohistochemistry, stereology and high‐resolution image analysis for digital pathology and whole‐slide imaging. In the cortex, GS‐positive (GS+) astrocytes are dominant in all neuronal layers, with a neuron to GS+ cell ratio of 2:1. GFAP‐positive (GFAP+) cells are widely spaced, with a GS+ to GFAP+ cell ratio of 3:1–5:1. White matter astrocytes, on the contrary, express mainly GFAP and, to a lesser extent, GS. In the hippocampus, the neuron to GS+ cell ratio is approximately 1:1. Hippocampal degeneration is associated with a reduction of GS+ astrocytes, which is proportional to the degree of neuronal loss and primarily present in the hilus. Up‐regulation of GFAP as a classical hallmark of reactive astrogliosis does not follow the GS‐pattern and is prominent in the CA1. Reactive alterations were proportional to the neuronal loss in the neuronal somatic layers (stratum pyramidale and hilus), while observed to a lesser extent in the axonal/dendritic layers (stratum radiatum, molecular layer). We conclude that astrocytic GS is expressed in the neuronal somatic layers and, upon neurodegeneration, is down‐regulated proportionally to the degree of neuronal loss.
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In CNT, GS astrocytes were present from layer III onward, whereas in SAD and FAD they increased from layer I.
“As previously described [102], GS astrocytes were present from layer III onward in CNT, whereas in SAD and FAD increased from layer I (Figure 4C).”
From Gliovascular alterations in sporadic and familial Alzheimer's disease: <scp><i>APOE3</i></scp> Christchurch homozygote glioprotection (2023) · cites this paper as [102]
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Gavegnano, C., Haile, W. B., Koneru, R., Hurwitz, S. J., Kohler, J. J., Tyor, W. R., & Schinazi, R. F. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00842-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Albrecht, J., Czuczwar, S. J., Zielińska, M., & Miziak, B. (2025) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-024-04329-z · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nosova, O., Суфиева, Д. А., & Korzhevsky, D. E. (2021) · Cell and Tissue Biology · doi:10.1134/s1990519x21030081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kalirin is Involved in the Epiliptogenesis by Modulating the Activity of Rac1 Signaling PathwayPreprint
Chen, L., Luo, T., Cui, W., Zhu, M., Xu, Z., & Huang, H. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4166320
Li, C., Hao, L.-L., Liu, X.-Y., Zhou, J., & Ma, W.-N. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1966487
- Authors
- Papageorgiou, I. E., Valous, N. A., Lahrmann, B., Janova, H., Klaft, Z., Koch, A., Schneider, U. C., Vajkoczy, P., Heppner, F. L., Grabe, N., Halama, N., Heinemann, U., & Kann, O.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann‐Rein‐str. 3 Göttingen D‐37075 Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Heinemann, Uwe
- Kann, Oliver
- ORCID
- Venue
- Glia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-01-19
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 920-933
- ISSN
- 0894-1491 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-1136
- OpenAlex
- W2790693017
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 3.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Glia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- glutamine synthetase, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, hippocampal neurodegeneration, reactive astrogliosis, glial fibrillary acidic protein, astrocytes, neuronal loss, CA1, hippocampal hilus, white matter astrocytes
- MeSH terms
- Drug Resistant Epilepsy, Adult, Astrocytes, Cerebral Cortex, Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe, Female, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, Gliosis, Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Neurons, Cell Death, Neurodegenerative Diseases, White Matter
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