Effects of transient and chronic loneliness on major depression in older adults: A longitudinal study
Abstract
Objectives: The number of older adults is rapidly rising globally. Loneliness is a common problem that can deteriorate health. The aims of this work were to identify different types of loneliness (transient and chronic) and to assess their association with depression over time. Methods: A nationally representative sample from the Spanish population comprising 1190 individuals aged 50+ years was interviewed on three evaluations over a 7‐year period. The UCLA Loneliness Scale was used to measure loneliness. While chronic loneliness was defined as the presence of loneliness across all three waves, transient loneliness expressed the presence of loneliness in one wave only. A 12‐month major depressive episode was assessed at each interview. After confirming the cross‐sectional relationship, a multilevel mixed‐effects model was used to examine the association between loneliness and depression. Results: Almost a quarter of individuals felt lonely and one out of 10 presented depression at baseline. Of the sample, 22.78% showed transient loneliness, while 6.72% presented the chronic type. People experiencing chronic loneliness were at a higher risk of presenting major depression (OR = 6.11; 95% CI = 2.62, 14.22) than those presenting transient loneliness (OR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.19, 4.14). This association varied over time and was stronger at the first follow‐up than at the second one. Conclusions: Focusing on loneliness prevention could reduce the risk of depression. Chronic loneliness is a public health problem that should be addressed through the full participation of the political, social, and medical sectors.
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Chronic loneliness is closely associated with depressive symptoms, maladaptive social cognition, and poor recovery following a mental health crisis.
“As a potential stressor, chronic loneliness is closely associated with depressive symptoms, maladaptive social cognition, and poor recovery following a mental health crisis.82–84”
From A Longitudinal Study of Loneliness Before the End of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Trajectories, Predictors, and Impact on Chinese Adolescent Mental Health (2024) · cites this paper as [82]
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- Authors
- Martín‐María, N., Caballero, F. F., Lara, E., Domènech‐Abella, J., Haro, J. M., Olaya, B., Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L., & Miret, M.
- Affiliations
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Ayuso‐Mateos, José L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-09-10
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 76-85
- ISSN
- 0885-6230 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1166
- OpenAlex
- W3049055525
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9
- FWCI
- 5.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- European Regional Development Fund (PI12/01490, PI13/00059, PI16/00177, PI16/00218, PI16/01073)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
- Keywords
- loneliness, chronic loneliness, major depressive disorder, older adults, depression risk, longitudinal associations, loneliness prevention, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies
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