The fMRI success rate of children and adolescents: Typical development, epilepsy, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorders
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in children is increasingly used in clinical application and in developmental research; however, little is known how pediatric patient and typically developing populations successfully complete studies. We examined pediatric success rates with epilepsy, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and typically developing children (TYP). We also examined the affect of age, and, for ADHD populations, medication status on success rates. We defined a successful fMRI individual run when the data were interpretable and included in group statistics. For unsuccessful runs, datasets with excessive motion or floor task performance were categorized when possible. All clinical groups scanned less successfully than controls; medication status did not affect ADHD success (epilepsy, 80%; ADHD (off methylphenidate), 77%; ADHD (on methylphenidate), 81%; ASD, 70%; TYP, 87%). Ten to 18‐year‐old had a significantly greater scan success rate than 4‐ to 6‐year‐old; adolescents (13‐ to 18‐year‐old) demonstrated greater scan success rates than 7‐ to 9‐year‐old. Success rate for completing an entire battery of experimental runs (n = 2–6), varied between 50–59% for patient populations and 69% for TYP (79% when excluding 4‐ to 6‐year‐old). Success rate for completing one run from a battery was greater than 90% for all groups, except for ASD (81%). These data suggest 20–30% more children should be recruited in these patient groups, but only 10–20% for TYP for research studies. Studies with 4‐ to 6‐year‐olds may require 20–40% additional participants; studies with 10‐ to 18‐year‐olds may require 10–15% additional participants. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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Even within high-functioning individuals, MRI success rates can vary.
“Even within high-functioning individuals, MRI success rates can vary.41”
From Progress and roadblocks in the search for brain-based biomarkers of autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2017) · cites this paper as [41]
Head motion is rife in studies of youth with neurodevelopmental disorders.
“which is rife in studies of youth with neurodevelopmental disorders (Yerys et al., 2009).”
From Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Yerys et al., 2009
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Walker, B. S., Conklin, H. M., Anghelescu, D. L., Hall, L., Reddick, W. E., Ogg, R. J., & Jacola, L. M. (2017) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-017-4009-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Prefrontal Hemodynamics in Toddlers at Rest: A Pilot Study of Developmental Variability
Anderson, A. A., Smith, E. G., Chowdhry, F. A., Thurm, A. E., Condy, E. E., Swineford, L. B., Manwaring, S. S., Amyot, F., Matthews, D., & Gandjbakhche, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00300 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Leipold, S., Abrams, D. A., Karraker, S., & Menon, V. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac095 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Clinical application of advanced MR methods in children: points to consider
Wilke, M., Groeschel, S., Lorenzen, A., Rona, S., Schuhmann, M. U., Ernemann, U., & Krägeloh‐Mann, I. (2018) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.658 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Condy, E. E., Friedman, B. H., & Gandjbakhche, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.575589 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Image-guided TMS is safe in a predominately pediatric clinical population
Braden, A. A., Weatherspoon, S. E., Boardman, T., Williard, T., Adkins, A., Gibbs, S. K., Wheless, J. W., & Narayana, S. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2022.01.133 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
fMRI for mapping language networks in neurosurgical cases
Gupta, S. S. (2014) · Indian journal of radiology and imaging - new series/Indian journal of radiology and imaging/Indian Journal of Radiology & Imaging · doi:10.4103/0971-3026.130690 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neural Responses to a Putative Set‐shifting Task in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Dirks, B., Romero, C., Voorhies, W. I., Kupis, L. B., Nomi, J. S., Dajani, D. R., Odriozola, P., Burrows, C. A., Beaumont, A. L., Cardona, S. M., et al. (2020) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2347 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Neural Noise” in Auditory Responses in Young Autistic and Neurotypical Children
Dwyer, P. S. R., Vukušić, S., Williams, Z. J., Saron, C. D., & Rivera, S. M. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05797-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Yamada, K., Suzuki, Y., Ueki, S., Itoh, K., Watanabe, M., Suzuki, K., & Igarashi, H. (2020) · Clinical Simulation in Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ecns.2020.07.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Máté, A., Lidzba, K., Hauser, T., Staudt, M., & Wilke, M. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4473-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schiller, K., Choudhri, A. F., Jones, T. L., Holder, C. M., Wheless, J. W., & Narayana, S. (2020) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073820901415 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Can stratification biomarkers address the heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder?
Molloy, C. J., & Gallagher, L. (2021) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.73 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Semiquantitative analysis of cerebral [18F]FDG-PET uptake in pediatric patients
Cruz-Cortes, Á., Avendaño‐Estrada, A., Alcauter, S., Núñez-Enríquez, J. C., Rivera-Bravo, B., Casas, M. Á. O., & Ávila‐Rodríguez, M. A. (2023) · Pediatric Radiology · doi:10.1007/s00247-023-05794-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Consensus recommendations for clinical functional MRI applied to language mapping
Voets, N., Ashtari, M., Beckmann, C. F., Benjamin, C. F. A., Benzinger, T. L. S., Binder, J. R., Bizzi, A., Björnson, B., Chang, E. F., Douw, L., et al. (2025) · Aperture Neuro · doi:10.52294/001c.128149 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Using fMRI to Investigate Memory in Young Children Born Small for Gestational Age
de Bie, H. M. A., de Ruiter, M. B., Ouwendijk-Andréa, M., Oostrom, K. J., Wilke, M., Boersma, M., Veltman, D. J., & de Waal, H. A. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129721 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A generalizable connectome-based marker of in-scan sustained attention in neurodiverse youth
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Leonard, J., Flournoy, J. C., Angeles, C. P. L.-D. L., & Whitaker, K. J. (2017) · Research Ideas and Outcomes · doi:10.3897/rio.3.e12569 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Charbonnier, L., Raemaekers, M. A. H., Cornelisse, P. A., Verwoert, M., Braun, K. P. J., Ramsey, N. F., & Vansteensel, M. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.587593 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Eng, C. M., Vargas, R., Fung, H. L., Niemi, S. R., Pocsai, M., Fisher, A. V., & Thiessen, E. D. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101570 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Advances in Brain Imaging Techniques for Patients With Intractable Epilepsy
Al‐Gahtany, M., Abdrabou, A. M., Elhaddad, A., & Alghamdi, A. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.699123 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yerys, B. E., Jankowski, K. F., Shook, D., Rosenberger, L. R., Barnes, K. A., Berl, M. M., Ritzl, E. K., VanMeter, J., Vaidya, C. J., & Gaillard, W. D.
- Affiliations
- Children's National (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-04-21
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3426-3435
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC2748172
- OpenAlex
- W2148605740
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH066417, R01 MH65395, R01MH065395)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS44280, R01NS044280)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01 RR-13297, M01RR013297)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30HD40677, T32HD046388, P30HD040677)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- children and adolescents, epilepsy, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, typically developing children, motion artifacts, age effects, sample size determination, participant recruitment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Autistic Disorder, Brain, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Epilepsy, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Oxygen
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