Typical and atypical development of functional human brain networks: insights from resting-state fMRI
Open accessAbstract
Over the past several decades, structural MRI studies have provided remarkable insights into human brain development by revealing the trajectory of gray and white matter maturation from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. In parallel, functional MRI studies have demonstrated changes in brain activation patterns accompanying cognitive development. Despite these advances, studying the maturation of functional brain networks underlying brain development continues to present unique scientific and methodological challenges. Resting-state fMRI (rsfMRI) has emerged as a novel method for investigating the development of large-scale functional brain networks in infants and young children. We review existing rsfMRI developmental studies and discuss how this method has begun to make significant contributions to our understanding of maturing brain organization. In particular, rsfMRI has been used to complement studies in other modalities investigating the emergence of functional segregation and integration across short and long-range connections spanning the entire brain. We show that rsfMRI studies help to clarify and reveal important principles of functional brain development, including a shift from diffuse to focal activation patterns, and simultaneous pruning of local connectivity and strengthening of long-range connectivity with age. The insights gained from these studies also shed light on potentially disrupted functional networks underlying atypical cognitive development associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. We conclude by identifying critical gaps in the current literature, discussing methodological issues, and suggesting avenues for future research.
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Functional networks correspond to structural connections seen with diffusion tensor imaging, and resting-state and structural connectivity estimates resemble each other in development and disorders, though they are not fully redundant.
“These functional networks map on to the structural connections between regions illuminated by techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging [77] and there are similarities between resting-state and structural estimates of regional connectivity across development [78] and disorders [79], although the two methodologies are not completely redundant [80,81].”
From Arrested development? Reconsidering dual-systems models of brain function in adolescence and disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [79]
Resting-state functional brain networks, especially those supporting executive function, develop rapidly during typical adolescence.
“Resting-state functional brain networks, especially those that subserve executive function, are rapidly developing during typical adolescence (21–23)”
From Impact of Childhood Trauma on Executive Function in Adolescence—Mediating Functional Brain Networks and Prediction of High-Risk Drinking (2020) · cites this paper as [21]
Since development is characterized by an overall increase in long-range functional connections, these studies suggest dysmaturation as a core feature of ASD pathophysiology.
“Since development is characterized by an overall increase in long-range functional connections (3-5;25), these studies suggest dysmaturation as a core feature of ASD pathophysiology.”
From Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
This resembles TDC functional architecture rather than that of TA, suggesting developmental immaturity in ASD.
“This resembles TDC functional architecture rather than that of TA (3;5;25), suggesting developmental immaturity in ASD.”
From Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism (2011) · cites this paper as [25]
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BDNF genotype modulates resting functional connectivity in children
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Slow vasomotor fluctuation in fMRI of anesthetized child brain
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- Authors
- Uddin, L. Q.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Uddin, Lucina Q.
- ORCID
- Uddin, Lucina Q.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 21-21
- ISSN
- 1662-5137 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2889680
- OpenAlex
- W2031594486
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 14.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0449927, HD059205)
- National Institutes of Health (NS058899)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH092288)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS058899)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD057610, R01HD047520, R01HD059205)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- functional brain networks, brain development, resting-state fMRI, long-range connectivity, neurodevelopmental disorders, infants and young children, developmental trajectories
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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