Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions

“…and Brown, 2006; Diana et al., 2007), and have led to the development of a number of dual-process theories of recognition (e.g., Atkinson and Juola, 1974; Mandler, 1980; Jacoby, 1991; Yonelinas, 1994; Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Reder et al., 2000; Kelley and Wixted, 2001; Rotello et al., 2004).”

“For example, in a review of remember/know, source memory and ROC studies that included recollection and familiarity contrasts, 16 of 19 studies showed that the hippocampus was involved in recollection, whereas only two showed hippocampal involvement in familiarity (Eichenbaum et al., 2007).”

“…1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests of item recognition (e.g., Milner, 1971; Milner et al., 1985; Janowsky et al., 1989; Shimamura et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1997; but see Swick et al., 2006).”

“This idea is supported by evidence that PFC lesions disrupt recall more than recognition (for reviews, see Wheeler et al., 1995, 1997; but see Kopelman and Stanhope, 1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests…”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al.,…”

“Evidence from a broad range of paradigms has provided support for these claims (for earlier reviews, see Aggleton and Brown, 1999, 2001; Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007).”

“Recollection is usually associated with the conscious retrieval of the contextual details in which a stimulus occurred (Yonelinas et al., 2010) and requires the integral functionality of several brain structures, including the hippocampal formation and prefrontal, perirhinal, entorhinal, insular, and postrhinal cortic…”

“The DPSD hypothesis also proposes that recollection varies continuously in strength from strong to weak but that below its strength threshold, nothing is recollected that supports discrimination between studied and nonstudied items (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“However, Yonelinas et al. (2010) posited that recollection could also vary in several ways in their model, although a threshold below which recollection fails to discriminate between studied and unstudied items exists, and that this threshold nature of recollection can break down under some…”

“However, there are multiple methods for dissociating between recollection-based and familiarity-based recognition, which differ in their assumptions of the characteristics of each process (see Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“However, assumptions of this model have been challenged (Tomić & Bays, 2022), and it is inconsistent with many existing models of hippocampal retrieval, which do not consider hippocampal function as a familiarity-like process (Norman, 2010; Norman & O’Reilly, 2003; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“, quantitative or qualitative information about a previously encountered item or event [21].”

“…Mayes et al., 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2002; Bastin et al., 2004; Quamme et al., 2004; Aggleton et al., 2005; Holdstock et al., 2008; Turriziani et al., 2008; J€ager et al., 2009; see Montaldi and Mayes, 2010; Ranganath, 2010; Wixted et al., 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010; for review and discussion).”

“…recognition memory, whereas recollection is described as a slow-acting more strategic process that allows for the retrieval of qualitative information from a prior study event as required not only in recognitionmemory but also in associative recognition and recall tasks (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“…of recognition (the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people) re fl ects the contribution of both recollection (retrieval of details associated with previous experiences) and familiarity (the feeling that the event was previously experienced) (Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“Future research is recommended to consider other test conditions that could quantify the recollection-based process (and perhaps also familiaritydriven process) by applying alternative measurement models such as the receiver operating characteristics analysis (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“This is an open access a to the previously studied stimulus, familiarity involves placing reliance on perceived memory strength (i.e., global and context-free; “knowing”; Mayes et al., 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“These findings, as well as the strong qualitative similarities between classifier performance as a function of time for previously recalled versus not previously recalled targets (Figure 5C and 5D), are difficult to reconcile with dual-route models that posit different kinds of recognition decisions based on independe…”

“The frontal and parietal old/new effects have been mainly interpreted within the realm of dual-memory processes (Curran, 2000; for reviews see, Yonelinas, 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2010), as reflecting two distinct memory processes.”

“It is known that familiarity-based processing is mostly preserved in elderly individuals [78], while it might be somehow more severely compromised in pathological aging.”

“One class of models(Park and Donaldson, 2019; Yonelinas, 2002, 1999, 1994; Yonelinas et al., 2010) particularly emphasizes the idea that recollection and familiarity can be distinguished on the type of associated details recovered, as well as phenomenology.”

“Recollection refers to the retrieval of information about a specific episode, whereas familiarity reflects a more global measure of the strength of the memory (Westerberg et al., 2006; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Recollection describes the retrieval of a specific, previously experienced stimulus, while familiarity represents a more global measurement of memory strength and confidence with respect to a specific event or stimulus (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“…contrasts between correctly retrieved studied (or old) information and correctly rejected unstudied (or novel) information (Leynes et al., 2013; Leynes & Nagovsky, 2016; Nardini & Leynes, 2020; Newsome et al., 2012; Rugg & Curran, 2007; Ye et al., 2019; Yonelinas et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2020).”

“Second, stimuli that share pre-existing relations can be subjected to unitization—an encoding process by which several discrete items are perceived and encoded as one single unit (reviewed by Mecklinger & Jäger, 2009; Yonelinas et al., 2010)—and to be subsequently retrieved via familiarity (e.”

“There is a general consensus that familiarity can be considered a continuous variable, but there remains debate regarding whether recollection is a continuous rather than a noncontinuous threshold variable (e.g., Wixted 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“Free recall and recognition paradigms are known to differentially test recollection and familiarity (Mandler, 1980; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“…light of the dual process theory that considers the recollective memory as a typical expression of the hippocampal functioning (Diana et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010) and together with previous data documenting more severe deficits of recollection than familiarity at standard delays…”

“This is an established procedure to distinguish between two processes thought to underlie recognition memory: recollection and familiarity (Tulving 1985; Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“can be seen to determine subsequent familiarity- and recollection-based recognition (Rugg et al., 2012; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Whereas free recall relies on recollection through access to previously studied material (Tversky, 1973), recognition relies on both recollection and familiarity (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Initial tests of these ideas in humans have focused on patients with selective hippocampal damage, but have been impeded by inconsistent results (Squire et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“In contrast, temporal order memory may additionally depend on item-strength signals in the peri-rhinal cortex (DuBrow & Davachi, 2017; Jenkins & Ranganath, 2016), which are known to support familiarity-based memory processes (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“In this case, familiarity is less useful in supporting recognition (since all of the items are equally familiar; Yonelinas et al., 2010), and the rejection of rearranged pairs requires recollection (Castel & Craik, 2003).”

“Thus, recall and recognition are not interchangeable constructs, and neither is a process-pure measure of memory retrieval (Eichenbaum, Yonelinas, & Ranganath, 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010), particularly in clinical disorders (see Casaletto et al., 2017).”

“Unitization is an encoding strategy that allows to encode an association as one single item (Graf & Schacter, 1989), and thereby supports subsequent associative familiarity-based recognition (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“The framework suggested by the CLS model goes beyond the dichotomy of single versus dual process models and suggests that the hippocampus may implement processes which correspond with both views (Wixted and Mickes, 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Another popular view holds that the hippocampus mediates recollective memory rather than familiarity-based recognition (Eldridge et al., 2000; Diana et al., 2007; Shimamura, 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Furthermore, to assess whether the effects could be associated to recollection retrieval processes, a ROC curve analysis was implemented (Juola et al., 2019; Yonelinas, 2002), which allows calculating the recollection parameter, as defined in the DPSD model (Yonelinas, 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“…familiarity one, while source memory mainly relies on the recollection process (Bastin et al., 2019; Malejka & Br € oder, 2016; Li & Nie, 2021a; Li & Nie, 2021b; Nie, 2018; Nie et al., 2019, 2022, 2023; Nie & Li; 2021; Schaper & Bayen, 2021; Yonelinas, Aly, Wang, & Koen, 2010; Zhou et al., 2020).”

“…in graded recognition confidence, supported by the PRC,whereas recollection is a threshold process resulting in high recognition confidence and involves retrieval of associated information from the encoding context, supported by the HC and PHC (Eichenbaum et al. 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“From a dual-process perspective, recollection and familiarity represent two contributing processes to responses made during a recognition test (for a review, see Yonelinas, 2002; see also Donaldson, 1996; Dunn, 2004; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“…contextual retrieval, and recollection involves slow, effort-ful retrieval of qualitative information about a studied event (Atkinson and Juola 1973; Humphreys et al. 1989; Jacoby and Dallas 1981; Mandler 1980; Yonelinas 2002; Yonelinas et al. 2005, 2010; Kipp et al. 2015; Stróżak et al. 2016).”

“Episodic memory retrieval operates under threshold retrieval dynamics, as outlined by Eichenbaum et al. (2005) and Yonelinas et al. (2010).”

“Novelty detection and recognition of previously seen stimuli, although certainly related, are thought to rely on somewhat independent cognitive and neural mechanisms (Delhaye, Bastin, Moulin, Besson, & Barbeau, 2017; Yonelinas, Aly, Wang, & Koen, 2010).”

“It is shown in Figure 2(c) that after passing through a shared Retina, LGN, V1, V2 and V4, the visual stimulus is processed by a dual-process recognition model [44].”

“A comprehensive understanding of the neural substrates of recognition memory remains to be fully elucidated (Fuentes et al. 2022; Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…(Addante et al., 2015; de Chastelaine & Rugg, 2015; Guderian et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2021; Merkow et al., 2014; Park & Rugg, 2010; Uncapher et al., 2011), a region that plays an important role in recolleciton (for reviews, see Diana et al., 2007; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”