Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions

“…and Brown, 2006; Diana et al., 2007), and have led to the development of a number of dual-process theories of recognition (e.g., Atkinson and Juola, 1974; Mandler, 1980; Jacoby, 1991; Yonelinas, 1994; Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Reder et al., 2000; Kelley and Wixted, 2001; Rotello et al., 2004).”

“For example, in a review of remember/know, source memory and ROC studies that included recollection and familiarity contrasts, 16 of 19 studies showed that the hippocampus was involved in recollection, whereas only two showed hippocampal involvement in familiarity (Eichenbaum et al., 2007).”

“…1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests of item recognition (e.g., Milner, 1971; Milner et al., 1985; Janowsky et al., 1989; Shimamura et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1997; but see Swick et al., 2006).”

“This idea is supported by evidence that PFC lesions disrupt recall more than recognition (for reviews, see Wheeler et al., 1995, 1997; but see Kopelman and Stanhope, 1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests…”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al.,…”

“Evidence from a broad range of paradigms has provided support for these claims (for earlier reviews, see Aggleton and Brown, 1999, 2001; Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007).”

“…the cortical medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions appear to support episodic memory function in conjunction with the hippocampus, a number of memory models suggest dissociable representations and processes linked to these subregions [Norman, 2010; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010].”

“…details is not sufficient to produce the subjective experience of recollection, which could have important implications for psychological and neural theories of recognition memory (Eichenbaum et al. 2007, Mayes et al. 2007, Wixted & Mickes 2010, Wixted & Squire 2011, Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…neuroimaging and animal studies has indicated that within the MTL, the hippocampus is critical for recollection, whereas the surrounding perirhinal cortex is critical for familiarity (for reviews see Diana et al. 2007; Eichenbaum et al. 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010; but see Squire et al. 2007).”

“REVIEW ARTICLE published: 177 April 2012 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00091”

“In one popular model (see Yonelinas et al., 2010), recollection and familiarity are assumed to be independent.”

“Although the ROC method has been quite fruitful, it does have important limitations (for reviews, see Yonelinas et al., 2010; Yonelinas & Parks, 2007).”

“In typical recognition memory studies, many patients with hippocampal damage show severe recollection impairments and intact familiarity (Yonelinas et al., 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Two old/new effects have garnered particular attention because they consistently behave in a way that converges with dual-process models of recognition memory, which state that recognition judgments can be supported by two independent processes: familiarity, a strength-like indicator of previous occurrence and recolle…”

“…with results from other methods that do not rely on ROCs such as the process dissociation, remember/know, structural equation and second-choice paradigms (for reviews see Yonelinas & Parks, 2007; Yonelinas, 2002; Yonelinas et al, 2010; but also see Wixted, 2007; and Parks &Yonelinas, 2007).”

“On the one hand, studies have suggested that recollection is related to the hippocampus, while familiarity is related to the adjacent MTL regions (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Squire et al., 2007; Montaldi and Mayes, 2010; Wixted and Squire, 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Accurately reporting that an object has been seen before (recognition memory) may be supported by recollection of the specific prior event, or by a general feeling of familiarity for the object.(32) The recollective aspect of recognition memory has been linked to hippocampal function.”

“These different types of memory differentially tax hippocampal processing: recollection, but not familiarity, is critically dependent on the hippocampus (for review, see Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…2008; Tibon & Levy, 2014a, 2014b; Tibon, Ben-Zvi, & Levy, 2014; Yonelinas, Kroll, Dobbins, & Soltani, 1999; for review, see Mecklinger & Jäger, 2009; Yonelinas et al., 2010).1 Arguably, in such cases familiarity can contribute to associative recognition due to direct links between the components…”

“The recognition judgement likely invokes familiarity memory that uses the perirhinal cortex (Diana et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Data were analyzed using the same method as Zhang and Luck (2008) to estimate the quantity (i.”

“The finding whereby participants did not report any erroneous context-words also pertains to the ongoing debate as to whether source memory judgments (and Remember responses) reflect episodic recollection, or whether they stem from some sort of familiarity judgment [33,34,50].”

“Functional MTL accounts have prominently focused on psychologically distinct processes underlying recognition memory, i.e., recollection and familiarity: PRC is thought to support familiarity and a PHC–HC network is thought to sup- port recollection (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“, 1997; Tulving, 2002), and it is well established that the experience of recollection is a determinant of hippocampal engagement during episodic memory retrieval, whether the episode is recent or remote (Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997; Moscovitch and Nadel, 1998; Moscovitch et al., 2005; Aggleton and Brown, 2006; Eichenb…”

“Both Yonelinas et al. (2010) and Norman (2010) discuss situations where similarity is so high that pattern separation fails.”

“The findings are incompatible, however, with the commonly held assumption that, unlike the signal supporting familiarity, the signal supporting recollection is thresholded (cf. Wixted et al. 2010 and Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…pilot study, we asked subjects to press “associative memory” if they had any recollection of the encoding event, including the context word (footnote continued) (similar to the “remember” response option in the “remember-know” task; Tulving, 1989; Yonelinas et al., 2010; Yonelinas et al., 1998).”

“The trials in which no subsequent recall occurred are not process-pure familiarity occurrences, because recall of details associated with the recognition cue, but not diagnostic of the unique paired associate, may have occurred (non-criterial recollection; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“recollection-based memory processes (Yonelinas 1994; Wixted 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010; Wolk and Dickerson 2011), as well as controlled search/retrieval processes.”

“In contrast, we do not expect to see a strong relationship between implicit memory and recognition responses that were based on recollection, because recollection is generally associated with processes supported by the hippocampus rather than the perirhinal cortex (for reviews, see Diana et al., 2007; Eichenbaum et al…”

“Yonelinas et al. (2010), for instance, highlighted the role of the PFC in recognition memory, concluding that the extant evidence favors a prefrontal contribution to recollection, in particular during encoding.”

“For instance, patients with selective hippocampal damage exhibit more pronounced deficits on tasks related to recollection processes, such as associative and source memory tasks (Holdstock et al., 2005; Gold et al., 2006; for a review see Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“$w aterm ark-text $w aterm ark-text $w aterm ark-text (Yonelinas et al., 2010), which makes the VPC pattern of activation difficult to attribute to recollection processes alone.”

“It is precisely this item-specific recollection that is also sensitive to pattern separation deficits (Norman, 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010), thus the perceptual condition may be more sensitive to such deficits than the conceptual condition.”

“(Yonelinas et al., 2010), recollection involves controlled search for and evaluation of contextual details (Yonelinas, 2002) and is a threshold “some-or-none” process, where either some qualitative information about an event is recollected, with varying degree of specificity (Murray et al.”

“…episodic retrieval of information together with the context and elaborations from encoding (Tulving, 2002) rather than familiarity (i.e. a relatively automatic process of global assessment of memory strength or stimulus fluency (for reviews, see Yonelinas, 2002 and Yonelinas et al., 2010)).”

“Recollection refers to the retrieval of qualitative information about a specific study episode [15].”

“something has been experienced before, despite an inability to bring to mind qualitative details about the prior event (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Together, the case of NB and the data from the present TLEþ patients support the influential but still contentious notion that processes of item-based familiarity assessment can be dissociated from recollection at the level of MTL functioning (Aggleton & Brown, 1999; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Montaldi & Mayes, 2010; Yo…”

“…from differing (but not necessarily contradictory) perspectives, including the types of mnemonic processes [e.g., familiarity: Brown et al. (2010), Yonelinas et al. (2010)], computational operations [e.g., pattern generalization: Norman (2010)], and/or representational content [e.g.,…”

“gyrus, plays a critical role in episodic long-term memory (Squire and Zola-Morgan, 1991; Aggleton and Brown, 2006; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010), but whether the MTL is necessary for short-term memory is controversial.”

“Recognition memory has been largely described as being supported by two processes, familiarity and recollection (Mandler, 1980; Yonelinas and Levy, 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“This is often contrasted with familiarity-based recognition, in which memory for single items can vary in strength without specific recall of event associative information (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“, remember/know test [Tulving 1985]) indeed dissociate these two processes (e.g., Perfect 1996; Yonelinas 2002; Parks and Yonelinas 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010), or whether they in fact only separate strong memories from weaker ones (Donaldson 1996; Dunn Memory Retrieval in Mice and Men”

“…versus continuous accounts of recollection have been extensively debated within the behavioral literature (Slotnick, 2013; Mickes et al., 2009; Yonelinas et al., 2010), to date relatively little progress has been made in characterizing the mechanism supporting recollection at a neural level…”

“In addition, methodological considerations suggest that the modeling of the underlying processes of recollection and familiarity is not yet clear (e.g., the singlevs. dual-process hypothesis, Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“One kind of memory task which is thought to make familiaritybased decisions insufficient to support correct responding are associative tests (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Consistent with the familiarity/recollection model of recognition memory (Yonelinas et al, 2010), two ERP components have been linked to different aspects of recognition processes: the frontal N400 (FN400) reflecting familiarity and the late positive component (LPC) indexing recollection (Yu and…”

“As Yonelinas et al. (2010) noticed, unitization is rather a continuum than a dichotomy coming along with different forms and various ways of creating unitized associations.”

“…pairs may have been directly associated, allowing for familiarity-based associative memory The second exception suggests that new associations can be recognized on the basis of familiarity, if they were unitized at encoding (Quamme et al., 2007; Yonelinas, 2002; Yonelinas, Aly, Wang, & Koen, 2010).”

“According to dual process models of recognition memory, recognition memory can be supported by two functionally distinct processes (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Hippocampus critical for recollection (Schacter et al., 1996; Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Eldridge et al., 2000; Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”