The use of ketamine as an antidepressant: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The current meta‐analysis examines the effects of ketamine infusion on depressive symptoms over time in major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). Methods: Following a systematic review of the literature, data were extracted from 21 studies (n = 437 receiving ketamine) and analysed at four post‐infusion time points (4 h, 24 h, 7 days and 12–14 days). The moderating effects of several factors were assessed including: repeat/single infusion, diagnosis, open‐label/participant‐blind infusion, pre–post/placebo‐controlled design and the sex of patients. Results: Effect sizes were significantly larger for repeat than single infusion at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. For single infusion studies, effect sizes were large and significant at 4 h, 24 h and 7 days. The percentage of males was a predictor of antidepressant response at 7 days. Effect sizes for open‐label and participant‐blind infusions were not significantly different at any time point. Conclusions: Single ketamine infusions elicit a significant antidepressant effect from 4 h to 7 days; the small number of studies at 12–14 days post infusion failed to reach significance. Results suggest a discrepancy in peak response time depending upon primary diagnosis — 24 h for MDD and 7 days for BD. The majority of published studies have used pre–post comparison; further placebo‐controlled studies would help to clarify the effect of ketamine over time. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Subsequent randomized controlled trials replicated a 60-70% response rate of ketamine in treatment-resistant depression populations.
“Subsequent randomized controlled trials (RCTs) replicated this finding, demonstrating a 60–70% response rate of ketamine in TRD populations.10–14”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Ketamine's antidepressant properties are transient, lasting an average of 1 week following a single infusion and 18-19 days following repeated infusions.
“However, ketamine’s antidepressant properties are also transient, lasting an average of 1 week following a single infusion10–14 and 18–19 days following repeated infusions.15,16”
From Ketamine as an antidepressant: Overview of its mechanisms of action and potential predictive biomarkers (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Coyle, C. M., & Laws, K. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Hertfordshire (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Laws, Keith R.
- ORCID
- Laws, Keith R.
- Venue
- Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-04-07
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 152-163
- ISSN
- 0885-6222 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1077
- OpenAlex
- W2106636235
- Cited by
- 279
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 9
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Keywords
- ketamine, antidepressant effects, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Ketamine, Male, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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