Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS‐21) across cultures
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Cross-culturally measurement invariant instruments are useful for the assessment of mental symptoms across cultures. The current study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) (DASS) across Pakistan and Germany. German participants were recruited through an online survey (N = 1323), while Pakistani participants were recruited through online survey or paper-and-pencil survey (N = 1841). The DASS-21 showed good reliability, construct and structure validity in both countries. The DASS-21 indicated partial weak (stress subscale) and partial strong measurement invariance (depression and anxiety subscales) between both countries. Latent mean comparison of depression and anxiety symptoms between Pakistani and German students indicated that Pakistani university students experience more symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results suggest that the DASS-21 could be used in Pakistan and Germany, but caution should be taken when making direct comparisons between the two countries.
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The DASS-21 has been shown to be psychometrically sound across cultures, possess adequate construct validity, and demonstrate good to excellent reliability.
“The DASS-21 has been shown to be psychometrically sound across cultures (Bibi et al., 2020), possess adequate construct validity (Henry and Crawford, 2005), and demonstrate good to excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alphas of 0.88, 0.82, 0.90, and 0.93 for the Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Total scales, respectively; Henry and Crawford, 2005).”
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- Authors
- Bibi, A., Lin, M., Zhang, X. C., & Margraf, J.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Bibi, Akhtar
- Venue
- International Journal of Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-04-06
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 916-925
- ISSN
- 0020-7594 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-066X
- OpenAlex
- W3014578937
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 13.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dokumentenrepositorium der RUB (Ruhr University Bochum) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt Professorship (NA)
- HEC/DAAD (91591439)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- DASS-21, measurement invariance, depression, anxiety, stress, cross-cultural measurement, psychometric properties, university students, Pakistan, Germany, latent mean comparison, construct validity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Stress, Psychological, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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