Tetrahydrobiopterin in nitric oxide synthase

Nitric oxide synthases: regulation and function

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Mammalian nitric oxide synthases

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Macrophage Oxidation of L-Arginine to Nitric Oxide, Nitrite, and Nitrate

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Structure of Nitric Oxide Synthase Oxygenase Dimer with Pterin and Substrate

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Crystal Structure of Constitutive Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

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Reduced Biopterin as a Cofactor in the Generation of Nitrogen Oxides by Murine Macrophages

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A Solution-Phase Chemical Approach to a New Crystal Structure of Cobalt

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Tetrahydrobiopterin: biochemistry and pathophysiology

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Structural characterization of nitric oxide synthase isoforms reveals striking active-site conservation.

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Brain nitric oxide synthase is a biopterin‐ and flavin‐containing multi‐functional oxido‐reductase

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Macrophage nitric oxide synthase subunits. Purification, characterization, and role of prosthetic groups and substrate in regulating their association into a dimeric enzyme.

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Structural analysis of porcine brain nitric oxide synthase reveals a role for tetrahydrobiopterin and L‐arginine in the formation of an SDS‐resistant dimer.

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NO synthase: Structures and mechanisms

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Bacterial Nitric Oxide Synthases

Crane, B. R., Sudhamsu, J., & Patel, B. A. (2010) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev-biochem-062608-103436 · Cited by 239 · see citing works

Arginine Conversion to Nitroxide by Tetrahydrobiopterin-free Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase

Adak, S., Wang, Q., & Stuehr, D. J. (2000) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m004337200 · Cited by 229 · see citing works

The pteridine binding site of brain nitric oxide synthase. Tetrahydrobiopterin binding kinetics, specificity, and allosteric interaction with the substrate domain.

Klatt, P., Schmid, M., Leopold, E., Schmidt, K., Werner, E. R., & Mayer, B. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)36726-1 · Cited by 219 · see citing works

Ratio of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin to 7,8-dihydrobiopterin in endothelial cells determines glucose-elicited changes in NO vs. superoxide production by eNOS

Crabtree, M. J., Smith, C. L., Lam, G., Goligorsky, M. S., & Gross, S. S. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00823.2007 · Cited by 213 · see citing works

Formation of a Pterin Radical in the Reaction of the Heme Domain of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase with Oxygen

Hurshman, A. R., Krebs, C., Edmondson, D. E., Huynh, B. H., & Marletta, M. A. (1999) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi992026c · Cited by 208 · see citing works

Direct Evidence for Nitric Oxide Production by a Nitric-oxide Synthase-like Protein from Bacillus subtilis

Adak, S., Aulak, K. S., & Stuehr, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m201136200 · Cited by 195 · see citing works

Reactions catalyzed by tetrahydrobiopterin-free nitric oxide synthase

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Tetrahydrobiopterin Radical Enzymology

Wei, C.-C., Crane, B. R., & Stuehr, D. J. (2003) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr0204350 · Cited by 175 · see citing works

Macrophage nitric oxide synthase: relationship between enzyme-bound tetrahydrobiopterin and synthase activity

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Reaction of Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase with Oxygen at Low Temperature

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Tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase, does not function as a reactant in the oxygenation of arginine.

Giovanelli, J., Campos, K. L., & Kaufman, S. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.16.7091 · Cited by 162 · see citing works

Bacterial Nitric-oxide Synthases Operate without a Dedicated Redox Partner

Gusarov, I., Starodubtseva, M., Wang, Z.-Q., McQuade, L. E., Lippard, S. J., Stuehr, D. J., & Nudler, E. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m710178200 · Cited by 161 · see citing works

The Ferrous-dioxy Complex of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase

Abu‐Soud, H. M., Gachhui, R., Raushel, F. M., & Stuehr, D. J. (1997) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.272.28.17349 · Cited by 152 · see citing works

Characterization of bovine endothelial nitric oxide synthase as a homodimer with down-regulated uncoupled NADPH oxidase activity: tetrahydrobiopterin binding kinetics and role of haem in dimerization

LIST, B. M., KLÖSCH, B., VÖLKER, C., GORREN, A. C. F., SESSA, W. C., WERNER, E. R., KUKOVETZ, W. R., SCHMIDT, K., & MAYER, B. (1997) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj3230159 · Cited by 147 · see citing works

Comparative Functioning of Dihydro- and Tetrahydropterins in Supporting Electron Transfer, Catalysis, and Subunit Dimerization in Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

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Structure of a Nitric Oxide Synthase Heme Protein from Bacillus subtilis,

Pant, K., Bilwes, A. M., Adak, S., Stuehr, D. J., & Crane, B. R. (2002) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0263715 · Cited by 134 · see citing works

Rapid Kinetic Studies Link Tetrahydrobiopterin Radical Formation to Heme-dioxy Reduction and Arginine Hydroxylation in Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase

Wei, C., Wang, Z., Wang, Q., Meade, A. L., Hemann, C. F., Hille, R., & Stuehr, D. J. (2001) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m008441200 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Nitric-oxide synthase: A cytochrome P450 family foster child

Gorren, A. C. F., & Mayer, B. (2007) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.08.019 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Cloning, expression, and characterization of a nitric oxide synthase protein from Deinococcus radiodurans

Adak, S., Bilwes, A. M., Panda, K., Hosfield, D. J., Aulak, K. S., McDonald, J. F., Tainer, J. A., Getzoff, E. D., Crane, B. R., & Stuehr, D. J. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.012470099 · Cited by 128 · see citing works

Structural and mechanistic aspects of flavoproteins: electron transfer through the nitric oxide synthase flavoprotein domain

Stuehr, D. J., Tejero, J., & Haque, M. M. (2009) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07120.x · Cited by 120 · see citing works

EPR and ENDOR Characterization of Intermediates in the Cryoreduced Oxy-Nitric Oxide Synthase Heme Domain with Bound l -Arginine or NG-Hydroxyarginine

Davydov, R. M., Ledbetter, A. P., Pavel Martasek, E., Larukhin, M., Sono, M., Dawson, J. H., Masters, B. S. S., & Hoffman, B. M. (2002) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0260637 · Cited by 110 · see citing works

A Tetrahydrobiopterin Radical Forms and then Becomes Reduced during Nω-Hydroxyarginine Oxidation by Nitric-oxide Synthase

Wei, C., Wang, Z., Hemann, C. F., Hille, R., & Stuehr, D. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m307682200 · Cited by 106 · see citing works

Bacterial Flavodoxins Support Nitric Oxide Production by Bacillus subtilis Nitric-oxide Synthase

Wang, Z., Lawson, R. J., Buddha, M. R., Wei, C., Crane, B. R., Munro, A. W., & Stuehr, D. J. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m608206200 · Cited by 104 · see citing works

Formation of a protonated trihydrobiopterin radical cation in the first reaction cycle of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy

Schmidt, P. P., Lange, R., Gorren, A. C. F., Werner, E. R., Mayer, B., & Andersson, K. K. (2001) · JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s007750000185 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

The molecular mechanism of mammalian NO-synthases: A story of electrons and protons

Santolini, J. (2010) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.10.011 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Crystal Structure of SANOS, a Bacterial Nitric Oxide Synthase Oxygenase Protein from Staphylococcus aureus

Bird, L. E., Ren, J., Zhang, J., Foxwell, N., Hawkins, A. R., Charles, I. G., & STAMMERS, D. K. (2002) · Structure · doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(02)00911-5 · Cited by 82 · see citing works

Catalytic Reduction of a Tetrahydrobiopterin Radical within Nitric-oxide Synthase

Wei, C., Wang, Z., Tejero, J., Yang, Y., Hemann, C. F., Hille, R., & Stuehr, D. J. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m709250200 · Cited by 74 · see citing works

Reactions Catalyzed by the Heme Domain of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase: Evidence for the Involvement of Tetrahydrobiopterin in Electron Transfer

Hurshman, A. R., & Marletta, M. A. (2002) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi012002h · Cited by 71 · see citing works

The Second Step of the Nitric Oxide Synthase Reaction: Evidence for Ferric-Peroxo as the Active Oxidant

Woodward, J. J., Chang, M. M., Martin, N. I., & Marletta, M. A. (2008) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja807299t · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Low-Temperature Optical Absorption Spectra Suggest a Redox Role for Tetrahydrobiopterin in Both Steps of Nitric Oxide Synthase Catalysis

Gorren, A. C. F., Bec, N., Schrammel, A., Werner, E. R., Lange, R., & Mayer, B. (2000) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi0007775 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

NO formation by a catalytically self-sufficient bacterial nitric oxide synthase from Sorangium cellulosum

Agapie, T., Suseno, S., Woodward, J. J., Stoll, S., Britt, R. D., & Marletta, M. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0908443106 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Single-turnover of Nitric-oxide Synthase in the Presence of 4-Amino-tetrahydrobiopterin

Sørlie, M., Gorren, A. C. F., Marchal, S., Shimizu, T., Lange, R., Andersson, K. K., & Mayer, B. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m305682200 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

EPR and ENDOR Characterization of the Reactive Intermediates in the Generation of NO by Cryoreduced Oxy-Nitric Oxide Synthase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus

Davydov, R. M., Sudhamsu, J., Lees, N. S., Crane, B. R., & Hoffman, B. M. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja906133h · Cited by 60 · see citing works

The role of tetrahydrobiopterin in the activation of oxygen by nitric-oxide synthase

Bec, N., Gorren, A. C. F., Mayer, B., Schmidt, P. P., Andersson, K. K., & Lange, R. (2000) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0162-0134(00)00104-5 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Exploring the redox reactions between heme and tetrahydrobiopterin in the nitric oxide synthases

Stuehr, D. J., Wei, C., Wang, Z., & Hille, R. (2005) · Dalton Transactions · doi:10.1039/b506355h · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Structure and Reactivity of a Thermostable Prokaryotic Nitric-oxide Synthase That Forms a Long-lived Oxy-Heme Complex

Sudhamsu, J., & Crane, B. R. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m510062200 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Pterin-Centered Radical as a Mechanistic Probe of the Second Step of Nitric Oxide Synthase

Woodward, J. J., NejatyJahromy, Y., Britt, R. D., & Marletta, M. A. (2010) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja909378n · Cited by 45 · see citing works

A Conserved Tryptophan in Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Heme−Dioxy Reduction by Tetrahydrobiopterin

Wang, Z.-Q., Wei, C., Ghosh, S., Meade, A. L., Hemann, C. F., Hille, R., & Stuehr, D. J. (2001) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi011182s · Cited by 39 · see citing works

A Conserved Tryptophan 457 Modulates the Kinetics and Extent of N-Hydroxy-l-Arginine Oxidation by Inducible Nitric-oxide Synthase

Wang, Z., Wei, C., & Stuehr, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m111967200 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

A Tryptophan that Modulates Tetrahydrobiopterin-Dependent Electron Transfer in Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Enzyme Catalysis by Additional Mechanisms

Wang, Z., Wei, C., Santolini, J., Panda, K., Wang, Q., & Stuehr, D. J. (2005) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/bi047508p · Cited by 23 · see citing works

Arg375 tunes tetrahydrobiopterin functions and modulates catalysis by inducible nitric oxide synthase

Wang, Z., Tejero, J., Wei, C., Haque, M. M., Santolini, J., Fadlalla, M., Biswas, A., & Stuehr, D. J. (2011) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.11.015 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Xie, N., Zhang, L., Gao, W. Q., Huang, C., Huber, P., Zhou, X., Li, C. L., Shen, G., & Zou, B. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00311-7 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works

Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation

Tejero, J., Shiva, S., & Gladwin, M. T. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2017 · Cited by 541 · see citing works

The Biologically Relevant Coordination Chemistry of Iron and Nitric Oxide: Electronic Structure and Reactivity

Lehnert, N., Kim, E., Dong, H. T., Harland, J. B., Hunt, A. P., Manickas, E. C., Oakley, K. M., Pham, J., Reed, G. C., & Alfaro, V. S. (2021) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00253 · Cited by 277 · see citing works

Occurrence, structure, and evolution of nitric oxide synthase–like proteins in the plant kingdom

Jeandroz, S., Wipf, D., Stuehr, D. J., Lamattina, L., Melkonian, M., Tian, Z., Zhu, Y., Carpenter, E. J., Wong, G. K., & Wendehenne, D. (2016) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.aad4403 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Molecular Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide in Cancer Progression, Signal Transduction, and Metabolism

Somasundaram, V., Basudhar, D., Bharadwaj, G., No, J. H., Ridnour, L. A., Cheng, R. Y. S., Fujita, M., Thomas, D. D., Anderson, S. K., McVicar, D. W., et al. (2018) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2018.7527 · Cited by 215 · see citing works

Gaseous O 2 , NO, and CO in Signal Transduction: Structure and Function Relationships of Heme-Based Gas Sensors and Heme-Redox Sensors

Shimizu, T., Huang, D., Fang, Y., Stráňava, M., Bartošová, M., Fojtíková, V., & Martínková, M. (2015) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00018 · Cited by 196 · see citing works

Nitric oxide synthase in plants: Where do we stand?

Santolini, J., André, F., Jeandroz, S., & Wendehenne, D. (2016) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.09.005 · Cited by 183 · see citing works

ROS signaling and redox biology in endothelial cells

Panieri, E., & Santoro, M. M. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-1928-9 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Breathing new life into nitric oxide signaling: A brief overview of the interplay between oxygen and nitric oxide

Thomas, D. D. (2015) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2015.05.002 · Cited by 168 · see citing works

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Carcinogenesis of Gastrointestinal Cancers

de Oliveira, G. A., Cheng, R. Y. S., Ridnour, L. A., Basudhar, D., Somasundaram, V., McVicar, D. W., Monteiro, H. P., & Wink, D. A. (2017) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2016.6850 · Cited by 91 · see citing works

Phenylketonuria: A new look at an old topic, advances in laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies.

Sumaily, K. M., & Mujamammi, A. H. (2017) · PubMed Central · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Molecular mechanism of metabolic NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer systems: The role of redox cofactors

Iyanagi, T. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.014 · Cited by 71 · see citing works

Nitric oxide synthase and structure-based inhibitor design

Poulos, T. L., & Li, H. (2016) · Nitric Oxide · doi:10.1016/j.niox.2016.11.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

Nitric Oxide, Nitric Oxide Formers and Their Physiological Impacts in Bacteria

Chen, J., Liu, L., Wang, W., & Gao, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231810778 · Cited by 52 · see citing works

Structural and biological studies on bacterial nitric oxide synthase inhibitors

Holden, J. K., Li, H., Jing, Q., Kang, S., Richo, J., Silverman, R. B., & Poulos, T. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1314080110 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Nitric Oxide Homeostasis in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Hannibal, L. (2015) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205012666150921101250 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

The evolution of nitric oxide signalling diverges between animal and green lineages

Astier, J., Mounier, A., Santolini, J., Jeandroz, S., & Wendehenne, D. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/erz088 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The Nitric Oxide System in Peripheral Artery Disease: Connection with Oxidative Stress and Biopterins

Ismaeel, A., Papoutsi, E., Miserlis, D., Lavado, R., Haynatzki, G. R., Casale, G. P., Bohannon, W. T., SMITH, R. S., Eidson, J. L., Brumberg, R. S., et al. (2020) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox9070590 · Cited by 49 · see citing works

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: Defining the function of ROS and NO

Zuo, L., Chuang, C., Hemmelgarn, B. T., & Best, T. M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01149.2014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Nitric oxide signaling in yeast

Astuti, R. I., Nasuno, R., & Takagi, H. (2016) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-016-7827-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works

A nitric oxide synthase–like protein from Synechococcus produces NO/NO3− from l-arginine and NAPDH in a tetrahydrobiopterin- and Ca2+-dependent manner

Picciano, A. L., & Crane, B. R. (2019) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.ra119.008399 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Impaired vascular function in sepsis-surviving rats mediated by oxidative stress and Rho-Kinase pathway

de Souza, P., Guarido, K. L., Scheschowitsch, K., da Silva, L. M., Werner, M. F. D. P., Assreuy, J., & da Silva‐Santos, J. E. (2016) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2016.09.016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

Methylglyoxal modulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase-associated functions in EA.hy926 endothelial cells

Su, Y., Qadri, S. M., Wu, L., & Liu, L. (2013) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/1475-2840-12-134 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

What does ldquo NO-Synthase rdquo stand for

Santolini, J. (2018) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/4711 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Prolonged diuretic and saluretic effect of nothofagin isolated from Leandra dasytricha (A. Gray) Cogn. leaves in normotensive and hypertensive rats: Role of antioxidant system and renal protection

de Almeida, C. L. B., Filho, V. C., Boeing, T., Mariano, L. N. B., da Silva, L. M., de Andrade, S. F., & de Souza, P. (2017) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.11.021 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Use of Computational Biochemistry for Elucidating Molecular Mechanisms of Nitric Oxide Synthase

Bignon, E., Rizza, S., Filomeni, G., & Papaleo, E. (2019) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.011 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Severe early‐onset manifestations of pseudoxanthoma elasticum resulting from the cumulative effects of several deleterious mutations inENPP1,ABCC6andHBB: transient improvement in ectopic calcification with sodium thiosulfate

Omarjee, L., Nitschke, Y., Verschuere, S., Bourrat, E., Vignon‐Pennamen, M., Navasiolava, N. M., Lefthériotis, G., Kauffenstein, G., Rutsch, F., Vanakker, O. M., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1111/bjd.18632 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Sulfa Drugs Inhibit Sepiapterin Reduction and Chemical Redox Cycling by Sepiapterin Reductase

Yang, S., Jan, Y.-H., Mishin, V. M., Richardson, J. R., Hossain, M. M., Heindel, N. D., Heck, D. E., Laskin, D. L., & Laskin, J. D. (2014) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.114.221572 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Charge-controlled switchable CO adsorption on FeN 4 cluster embedded in graphene

Omidvar, A. (2017) · Surface Science · doi:10.1016/j.susc.2017.10.032 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Comparison of oxygen-induced radical intermediates in iNOS oxygenase domain with those from nNOS and eNOS

Berka, V., Liu, W., Wu, G., & Tsai, A.-L. (2014) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.06.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Nitric Oxide Signalling in Yeast

Astuti, R. I., Nasuno, R., & Takagi, H. (2018) · Advances in microbial physiology/Advances in Microbial Physiology · doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2018.01.003 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Tetrahydrobiopterin Improves Recognition Memory in the Triple-Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease, Without Altering Amyloid-β and Tau Pathologies

Fanet, H., Tournissac, M., Leclerc, M., Caron, V., Tremblay, C., Vancassel, S., & Calon, F. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200637 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Uncoupling of eNOS contributes to redox-sensitive leukocyte recruitment and microvascular leakage elicited by methylglyoxal

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