Cited by 1,374Chromosomal and Genetic VariationsEvolution and Genetic DynamicsGenomics and Phylogenetic Studies

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Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences

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Xiong, Y., Eickbush, T. H.·1990·The EMBO Journal

DOI 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07536.xPMC PMC552073

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Abstract

To study the evolutionary relationship of reverse transcriptase (RT) containing genetic elements, a phylogenetic tree of 82 retroelements from animals, plants, protozoans and bacteria was constructed. The tree was based on seven amino acid domains totalling 178 residues identified in all RTs. We have also identified these seven domains in the RNA-directed RNA polymerases from various plus-strand RNA viruses. The sequence similarity of these RNA polymerases to RT suggests that these two enzymes evolved from a common ancestor, and thus RNA polymerase can be used as an outgroup to root the RT tree. A comparison of the genetic organization of the various RT containing elements and their position on the tree allows several inferences concerning the origin and evolution of these elements. The most probable ancestor of current retroelements was a retrotransposable element with both gag-like and pol-like genes. On one major branch of the tree, organelle and bacterial sequences (e.g. group II introns and bacterial msDNA) appear to have captured the RT sequences from retrotransposons which lack long terminal repeats (LTRs). On the other major branch, acquisition of LTRs gave rise to two distinct groups of LTR retrotransposons and three groups of viruses: retroviruses, hepadnaviruses and caulimoviruses.

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“Briefly, sequence analysis involves aligning the amino acid sequence of the three reading frames reported by the search algorithm (the strand encoding RT protein is determined based on the presence of PBSs and PPTs) with previously annotated retroviral proteins using ClustalX [13] followed by manually checking of the…”
Method
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Authors: Xiong, Y., & Eickbush, T. H.
Affiliations: University of Rochester (US)
ORCID: Xiong, Y.
Venue: The EMBO Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 1990-10-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 10
Pages: 3353-3362
ISSN: 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
1460-2075
DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1990.tb07536.x
PMC: PMC552073
OpenAlex: W1554644662
Cited by: 1,374
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 87.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
Locations: The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
Keywords: retroelements, reverse transcriptase, retrotransposons, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, positive-strand RNA viruses, LTR retrotransposons, retroviral evolution, hepadnaviruses, group II introns, organelle DNA, common ancestor, horizontal gene transfer
MeSH terms: Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, DNA Transposable Elements, Biological Evolution, Humans, Introns, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid

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Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences

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