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Origin and evolution of retroelements based upon their reverse transcriptase sequences
Open accessAbstract
To study the evolutionary relationship of reverse transcriptase (RT) containing genetic elements, a phylogenetic tree of 82 retroelements from animals, plants, protozoans and bacteria was constructed. The tree was based on seven amino acid domains totalling 178 residues identified in all RTs. We have also identified these seven domains in the RNA-directed RNA polymerases from various plus-strand RNA viruses. The sequence similarity of these RNA polymerases to RT suggests that these two enzymes evolved from a common ancestor, and thus RNA polymerase can be used as an outgroup to root the RT tree. A comparison of the genetic organization of the various RT containing elements and their position on the tree allows several inferences concerning the origin and evolution of these elements. The most probable ancestor of current retroelements was a retrotransposable element with both gag-like and pol-like genes. On one major branch of the tree, organelle and bacterial sequences (e.g. group II introns and bacterial msDNA) appear to have captured the RT sequences from retrotransposons which lack long terminal repeats (LTRs). On the other major branch, acquisition of LTRs gave rise to two distinct groups of LTR retrotransposons and three groups of viruses: retroviruses, hepadnaviruses and caulimoviruses.
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“The retrotransposons consist of two subclasses, LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons, based on the phylogeny of RTase which they encodes.31”
From Whole genomic DNA sequencing and comparative genomic analysis of Arthrospira platensis: high genome plasticity and genetic diversity (2016) · cites this paper as [31]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xiong, Y., & Eickbush, T. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- ORCID
- Xiong, Y.
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1990-10-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 3353-3362
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC552073
- OpenAlex
- W1554644662
- Cited by
- 1,374
- References
- 77
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 87.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Chromosomal and Genetic Variations
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Keywords
- retroelements, reverse transcriptase, retrotransposons, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, positive-strand RNA viruses, LTR retrotransposons, retroviral evolution, hepadnaviruses, group II introns, organelle DNA, common ancestor, horizontal gene transfer
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, DNA Transposable Elements, Biological Evolution, Humans, Introns, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase, DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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