Design of an artificial skin. Part III. Control of pore structure
Abstract
Several methods are compared for preparing collagen‐glycosaminoglycan (GAG) membranes of high or low porosity. Collagen‐GAG membranes have been used to cover satisfactorily large experimental full‐thickness skin wounds in guinea pigs over the past few years. Methods studies as means for controlling pore size are confined to purely physical processes which do not require use of additives or chemical reagents to form the porous membrane. We find that membranes, initially swollen in distilled water or saline, shrink linearly to no less than 94% of original dimension after freeze drying; to 75% after critical point drying (from CO 2, following water‐ethanol exchange); and to 41% of original dimension following air drying from the swollen state. Scanning electron microscopic study of the pore structure resulting from each drying procedure confirms our major conclusion: A carefully designed freeze drying process, two variants of which are described in detail, yields membranes with the highest mean pore size, as measured by quantitative stereological procedures. Critical point drying gave significantly more shrinkage and a lower mean pore size than either one of the two freeze drying procedures used.
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Pore size is a crucial property of tissue engineering scaffolds and a key determinant of a scaffold's success through its influence on cell infiltration, nutrient/oxygen exchange and angiogenesis.
“Pore size has always been a crucial property of tissue engineering scaffolds and a key determinant of a scaffold’s success through their influence on cell infiltration, nutrient/oxygen exchange, and angiogenesis [41, 42].”
From Macrophage functional polarization (M1/M2) in response to varying fiber and pore dimensions of electrospun scaffolds (2013) · cites this paper as [42]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Dagalakis, N., Flink, J., Stasikelis, P., Burke, J. F., & Yannas, I. V.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1980-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 511-528
- ISSN
- 0021-9304 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4636
- OpenAlex
- W2014185746
- Cited by
- 358
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Collagen: Extraction and Characterization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
- Keywords
- artificial skin, pore size control, membrane porosity, freeze-drying, critical point drying, membrane shrinkage, full-thickness skin wounds, wound coverage, stereology
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Animals, Artificial Organs, Cattle, Chemistry, Physical, Collagen, Desiccation, Freeze Drying, Glycosaminoglycans, Membranes, Artificial, Microscopy, Microscopy, Electron, Scanning, Prosthesis Design, Skin, Surface Properties, Water, Chemical Phenomena
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