IRX3 and IRX5 Inhibit Adipogenic Differentiation of Hypertrophic Chondrocytes and Promote Osteogenesis
Open accessAbstract
Maintaining the correct proportions of different cell types in the bone marrow is critical for bone function. Hypertrophic chondrocytes (HCs) and osteoblasts are a lineage continuum with a minor contribution to adipocytes, but the regulatory network is unclear. Mutations in transcription factors, IRX3 and IRX5, result in skeletal patterning defects in humans and mice. We found coexpression of Irx3 and Irx5 in late-stage HCs and osteoblasts in cortical and trabecular bone. Irx3 and Irx5 null mutants display severe bone deficiency in newborn and adult stages. Quantitative analyses of bone with different combinations of functional alleles of Irx3 and Irx5 suggest these two factors function in a dosage-dependent manner. In Irx3 and Irx5 nulls, the amount of bone marrow adipocytes was increased. In Irx5 nulls, lineage tracing revealed that removal of Irx3 specifically in HCs exacerbated reduction of HC-derived osteoblasts and increased the frequency of HC-derived marrow adipocytes. β-catenin loss of function and gain of function specifically in HCs affects the expression of Irx3 and Irx5, suggesting IRX3 and IRX5 function downstream of WNT signaling. Our study shows that IRX3 and IRX5 regulate fate decisions in the transition of HCs to osteoblasts and to marrow adipocytes, implicating their potential roles in human skeletal homeostasis and disorders. Abstract Fate decision of hypertrophic chondrocyte is controlled by Irx3 and Irx5. With normal expression of Irx3 and Irx5, hypertrophic chondrocytes preferentially differentiate into Col1a1+ osteoblasts, and few are differentiated into Perilipin+ adipocytes. Upon deletion of Irx3 and Irx5, osteogenesis of hypertrophic chondrocyte is inhibited and adipogenesis is promoted, which causes repaired bone formation and increased bone marrow adipose tissue amount. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Global Msx2 knockout impairs osteoclast formation, whereas loss of Irx3 has no effect on osteoclasts.
“According to previous studies, global Msx2 knockout impairs osteoclast formation, whereas loss of Irx3 has no effect on osteoclasts26,27.”
From Targeting Msx2 as a brake in the fusion fate of osteoclasts and an anabolic therapy in pre-clinical models of osteoporosis (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
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Ma, Q., Wang, S., Xue, H., Ni, L., Yuan, P., Shen, Y., Zheng, B., Wang, Q., Zhang, J., Wang, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61938-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“According to previous studies, global Msx2 knockout impairs osteoclast formation, whereas loss of Irx3 has no effect on osteoclasts 26,27 .”
- Authors
- Tan, Z., Kong, M., Wen, S., Tsang, K. Y., Niu, B., Hartmann, C., Chan, D., Hui, C.-C., & Cheah, K. S. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Münster (DE)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Cheah, Kathryn S.E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-07-14
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2444-2457
- ISSN
- 0884-0431 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-4681
- OpenAlex
- W3043357509
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Bone and Mineral Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Jimmy & Emily Tang Endowed Professorship
- Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee (AoE/M-04/04, GRF 17129017, T12-708/12-N, AoE/M‐04/04, T12‐708/12‐N)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bone Metabolism and Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Osteoarthritis Treatment and Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Bone Tumor Diagnosis and Treatments
- Keywords
- IRX3, IRX5, hypertrophic chondrocytes, bone formation, adipogenesis, bone marrow adipocytes, Wnt signaling, β-catenin, dosage-dependent regulation, skeletal homeostasis, COL1A1, perilipin, lineage tracing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Differentiation, Osteoblasts, Osteogenesis, Transcription Factors, Homeodomain Proteins, Chondrocytes, Adipogenesis, Mice
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