Client and therapist match on gender, age, and income: Does match within the therapeutic dyad predict early growth in the therapeutic alliance?
Abstract
Objective: Because of the importance of the therapeutic alliance across psychotherapeutic treatments, it is important to study variables that predict the development of a positive therapeutic alliance. This study investigates if different levels of gender, age, and income match between therapists and clients predict early development of the therapeutic alliance. Method: The sample consisted of 28 therapists and 547 adult clients receiving individual psychotherapy for depressive symptoms. There were no exclusion criteria and no control over treatment delivery. Session‐to‐session assessments of the therapeutic alliance were collected and a growth mixture modeling framework with a priori identified classes corresponding to different levels of therapist–client match was utilized to examine differential alliance growth trajectories. Results: No differential effect of match on any level was found on initial ratings of the alliance. Across levels of attribute match, clients tend to rate the alliance positively. Regarding growth, a “youth effect” and an “affluence effect” was noted. Dyads where the therapist is younger than the client, and dyads where the therapist is from a higher income status than the client, show additional growth in the alliance beyond positive initial ratings. This is effect is not constant across sessions. Conclusions: Matching on gender, income, and age can be used for case assignment heuristic, in particular to produce additional growth in the alliance beyond initial positive ratings. Clinical and scientific consequences of the study are discussed.
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Previous studies on patient-clinician racial/ethnic or gender concordance have shown mixed or inconclusive results.
“Findings from these studies are varied: some suggest that patient-clinician racial/ethnic or gender concordance offers benefits [7-11], while others do not [12-14]. Moreover, a recent systematic review studying the association between racial, gender, and multifactorial concordance reported inconclusive results on patient outcomes, advocating for further research [15].”
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- Authors
- Behn, A., Davanzo, A., & Errázuriz, P.
- Affiliations
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
- Corresponding author
- Errázuriz, Paula
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-03-24
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1403-1421
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2792939909
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (FONDECYT 11110041, FONDAP 15110017)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- therapeutic relationship, individual psychotherapy, depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Therapeutic Alliance, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Professional-Patient Relations, Psychotherapy, Surveys and Questionnaires
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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