Civic engagement and well‐being among noncollege young adults: Investigating a mediation model
Open accessAbstract
Young adults may benefit from civic engagement as a health promotion tool, as civic engagement is generally associated with positive well‐being. However, more information is needed to examine civic engagement among lesser‐educated young adults who are least likely to civically engage, and more likely to demonstrate mental health needs. We surveyed noncollege young adults ( N = 621) to measure their civic engagement, meaning, civic efficacy, well‐being, and sociodemographic factors. Using an a priori model, direct, indirect, and full effects path analyses were conducted across men and women, and then the entire sample. The full effects model best fit the data with mediation by civic efficacy and meaning ( χ 2 (2) = 0.59, p = 0.74; comparative fit index = 1.0; root mean square error of approximation = 0.00, 90% confidence interval [0.00–0.06]; R 2 = 0.42). Types of engagement (civic, electoral, activism, and online) demonstrated differing relationships with well‐being. Stakeholders should resource young adults with civic skills and coping strategies to address the many challenges that civic experiences often elicit.
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The effects of electoral activities on well-being were positively mediated by self-efficacy.
“In both these cases, these effects were positively mediated by self-efficacy.”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Fenn et al., 2023
Table 5 (page not provided) reports no significant indirect effect for the electoral engagement–civic efficacy–well-being pathway: its confidence interval includes zero. The Hypothesis Three results identify civic activity, not electoral engagement, as having a significant positive indirect effect through civic efficacy. Electoral engagement was positively associated with civic efficacy, but the claimed mediation was not established. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a cross-sectional study of 621 U.S. non-college young adults aged 18-25, civic activities had a positive effect on well-being.
“+ effect of civic and elec - toral activities on well- being; - effect of activism on well-being”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Fenn et al. ( 2023 )
The Methodology Design section describes a cross-sectional survey of U.S. noncollege young adults aged 18–25. Procedure and Participants reports 621 eligible respondents, but 587 in the final path analyses. The Hypothesis Two results find positive associations of civic and electoral engagement with well-being, not a demonstrated causal effect; activism was negatively associated with well-being. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a cross-sectional study of 621 U.S. non-college young adults aged 18-25, activism had a negative effect on well-being.
“+ effect of civic and elec - toral activities on well- being; - effect of activism on well-being”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Fenn et al. ( 2023 )
The Procedure and Participants section describes a U.S. survey of 621 eligible noncollege young adults aged 18–25, with 587 included in the path analyses. The Discussion reports that activism was negatively associated with well-being, but explicitly says the cross-sectional design precluded causal inference. Thus, “negative effect” overstates the finding if it means activism caused lower well-being. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn a cross-sectional study of 621 U.S. non-college young adults aged 18-25, electoral activities had a positive effect on well-being.
“+ effect of civic and elec - toral activities on well- being; - effect of activism on well-being”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Fenn et al. ( 2023 )
The Methodology Design and Procedure and Participants sections describe a cross-sectional U.S. survey of 621 eligible young adults aged 18–25 who had not attended a four-year college; 587 were included in the path analyses. The Discussion reports that electoral engagement was positively associated with well-being, but the cross-sectional design does not establish the claimed positive effect as causal. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFenn et al. (2023) corroborated that electoral activities positively affected well-being.
“These results were corroborated by Fenn et al. (2023), where the association was also positive.”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Fenn et al., 2023
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- Authors
- Fenn, N., Yang, M., Pearson‐Merkowitz, S., & Robbins, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rhode Island (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Fenn, Natalie
- Venue
- Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-03-21
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2667-2685
- ISSN
- 0090-4392 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6629
- PMC
- PMC10629573
- OpenAlex
- W4328048678
- Cited by
- 16
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH078788)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Education › Service-Learning and Community Engagement
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- citizen participation, well-being, civic efficacy, meaning in life, mediation model, electoral participation, civic activism, online civic engagement, health promotion, mental health, educational attainment
- MeSH terms
- Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult
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