Evaluating the psychometric properties of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF)
Open accessAbstract
There is a growing consensus that mental health is not merely the absence of mental illness, but it also includes the presence of positive feelings (emotional well‐being) and positive functioning in individual life (psychological well‐being) and community life (social well‐being). We examined the structure, reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the Mental Health Continuum‐Short Form (MHC‐SF), a new self‐report questionnaire for positive mental health assessment. We expected that the MHC‐SF is reliable and valid, and that mental health and mental illness are 2 related but distinct continua. This article draws on data of the LISS panel of CentERdata, a representative panel for Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences ( N = 1,662). Results revealed high internal and moderate test‐retest reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the 3‐factor structure in emotional, psychological, and social well‐being. These subscales correlated well with corresponding aspects of well‐being and functioning, showing convergent validity. CFA supported the hypothesis of 2 separate yet related factors for mental health and mental illness, showing discriminant validity. Although related to mental illness, positive mental health is a distinct indicator of mental well‐being that is reliably assessed with the MHC‐SF. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 00:1–12, 2010.
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The Dutch version of the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form has good psychometric properties, is reliable (alpha 0.89 total; subscales 0.83, 0.83, 0.74), and was validated in a Dutch sample (n = 1621).
“The Dutch version has shown good psychometric properties, is reliable (internal reliability of alpha 0.89 on MHC-SF total; and alpha’s of resp. 0.83, 0.83, and 0.74 on emotional, psychological, and social well-being subscales resp.) and was validated in a Dutch sample (n = 1621) [51].”
From Effectiveness of a guided ACT-based self-help resilience training for depressive symptoms during pregnancy: Study protocol of a randomized controlled trial embedded in a prospective cohort. (2020) · cites this paper as [51]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe MHC-SF has demonstrated sound psychometric properties in the Dutch population.
“The MHC-SF has shown good psychometric properties in the Dutch population (Lamers, Glas, Westerhof, & Bohlmeijer, 2012;Lamers et al., 2011).”
From Both positive mental health and psychopathology should be monitored in psychotherapy: Confirmation for the dual-factor model in acceptance and commitment therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Lamers et al., 2011
Other validated measures of wellbeing are also available, such as Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scales, the MHC-SF, the Flourishing Scale, or frameworks in which wellbeing is conceptualized as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum of mental illness.
“However, other validated measures of wellbeing are also available, such as Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scales (Ryff, 1989), the MHC-SF (Lamers et al., 2011), the Flourishing Scale (Diener et al., 2009), or frameworks in which wellbeing is conceptualized as lying at the opposite end of a spectrum of mental illness (Huppert and So, 2013).”
From Designing for Motivation, Engagement and Wellbeing in Digital Experience (2018) · cites this paper as Lamers et al., 2011
Psychometric properties of MHC-SF were found to be good.
“Psychometric properties were found to be good [52].”
The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form has been shown to have a Cronbach's alpha of 0.89 in a Dutch sample.
“The MHCSF has been shown to have a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89 in a Dutch sample [18].”
The Mental Health Continuum-Short Form has demonstrated validity, reliability, and sensitivity to change in web-based intervention studies.
“The scale has demonstrated validity [84,85], reliability [85,86], and sensitivity to change in web-based intervention studies [87].”
From Evaluation of an App-Delivered Psychological Flexibility Skill Training Intervention for Medical Student Burnout and Well-being: Randomized Controlled Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [85]
The Mental Health Continuum Short Form has shown good psychometric properties.
“The MHC-SF has shown good psychometric properties [71].”
The MHC-SF has demonstrated moderate test-retest reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity with existing measures.
“The MHC-SF has demonstrated moderate test-retest reliability and good convergent and discriminant validity with existing measures (Lamers et al., 2011).”
From Examining a Group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Music Performance Anxiety in Student Vocalists (2020) · cites this paper as Lamers et al., 2011
Mental well-being and mental illness are related yet discernible phenomena.
“increasing evidence that mental well-being and mental illness are related yet discernible phenomena [144-146]”
From New evidence in the booming field of online mindfulness: An updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [146]
The Dutch MHC-SF has good construct validity and test-retest reliability in the general adult population.
“The Dutch MHC-SF has shown good construct validity and test-retest reliability in the general adult population (Lamers, Westerhof, Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, & Keyes, 2011)”
From Further evaluation of the psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-II (2012) · cites this paper as Lamers, Westerhof, Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, & Keyes, 2011
Results from the same psychometric study revealed high internal and moderate test-retest reliability for the Dutch MHC-SF.
“Results from the same psychometric study also revealed high internal and moderate test–retest reliability for the Dutch MHC-SF [74].”
Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of a Dutch translation of the MHC-SF.
“Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) confirmed the three-factor structure of a Dutch translation of the MHC-SF.”
The Dutch version of the MHC-SF has shown good psychometric properties.
“The Dutch version of the MHC-SF has shown good psychometric properties [31].”
From A web-based self-help intervention for partners of cancer patients based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: a protocol of a randomized controlled trial. (2015) · cites this paper as [31]
The MHC-SF has demonstrated good psychometric properties across various age groups and nations.
“The MHC-SF has demonstrated good psychometric properties across various age groups and nations (Lamers et al., 2011, Westerhof and Keyes, 2010).”
From The link between stress, well-being, and psychological flexibility during an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy self-help intervention (2018) · cites this paper as Lamers et al., 2011
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lamers, S. M. A., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T., ten Klooster, P. M., & Keyes, C. L. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Twente (NL)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lamers, Sanne M.A.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-10-22
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 99-110
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-4679
- OpenAlex
- W2089639557
- Cited by
- 1,402
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 132 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 135 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 53 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 29.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.utwente.nl
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- Mental Health Continuum-Short Form, positive mental health, mental illness, emotional well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, psychometric properties, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, factor structure, self-report questionnaire, mental health continuum
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Emotions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Personal Satisfaction, Psychometrics, Likelihood Functions, Young Adult, Checklist
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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