Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005-2017
Open accessAbstract
Drawing from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH; N = 611,880), a nationally representative survey of U.S. adolescents and adults, we assess age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorders and suicide-related outcomes since the mid-2000s. Rates of major depressive episode in the last year increased 52% 2005-2017 (from 8.7% to 13.2%) among adolescents aged 12 to 17 and 63% 2009-2017 (from 8.1% to 13.2%) among young adults 18-25. Serious psychological distress in the last month and suicide-related outcomes (suicidal ideation, plans, attempts, and deaths by suicide) in the last year also increased among young adults 18-25 from 2008-2017 (with a 71% increase in serious psychological distress), with less consistent and weaker increases among adults ages 26 and over. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses separating the effects of age, period, and birth cohort suggest the trends among adults are primarily due to cohort, with a steady rise in mood disorder and suicide-related outcomes between cohorts born from the early 1980s (Millennials) to the late 1990s (iGen). Cultural trends contributing to an increase in mood disorders and suicidal thoughts and behaviors since the mid-2000s, including the rise of electronic communication and digital media and declines in sleep duration, may have had a larger impact on younger people, creating a cohort effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=611,880) found an increase in depressive episode rates by 63% from 2009 to 2017.
“the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N=611,880), which found an increase in the depressive episode rates by 63% from 2009 to 2017 [2]”
From Online Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Youth With Major Depressive Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
The between-group difference observed suggests that the mindfulness component of the CBT-M intervention was likely involved in the modification of depressogenic cognitions.
“Although the study sample size did not allow for mediation analyses [46], the between-group difference observed suggests that the mindfulness component of the CBT-M intervention was likely involved in the modification of depressogenic cognitions [2].”
From Online Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Intervention for Youth With Major Depressive Disorders: Randomized Controlled Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [2]
Studies in Australia, Canada, the UK and USA indicate that rises in suicide in young people have occurred in parallel with other signals of deteriorating youth mental health, including rises in self-reported depression symptoms, suicide attempts and hospital admissions for self-harm.
“Studies in Australia, Canada, the UK and USA indicate that the rises in suicide in young people have occurred in parallel with other signals of deteriorating youth mental health, including rises in self-reported depression symptoms, suicide attempts and hospital admissions for self-harm (McManus et al., 2016; Mitchell et al., 2018; Twenge et al., 2019; Wiens et al., 2020).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Twenge et al., 2019
The increases in youth suicide appear to have been accompanied by other signals of deteriorating mental health among young people.
“These increases appear to have been accompanied by other signals of deteriorating mental health among young people (McManus et al., 2014; McManus et al., 2019; Twenge et al., 2019).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Twenge et al., 2019
Rates of adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide, especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.
“Layered atop these well-known developmental trajectories, a series of new findings indicate that rates of these adolescent-emergent mental health problems (depressive and anxiety disorders, NSSI, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors) have been increasing worldwide -- especially over the past decade, and most notably amongst girls.(2,20–23)”
From Puberty Initiates Cascading Relationships Between Neurodevelopmental, Social, and Internalizing Processes Across Adolescence (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G.
- Affiliations
- San Diego State University (US)
- Lynn University (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Pomona College (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 185-199
- ISSN
- 0021-843X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1846
- OpenAlex
- W2921393753
- Cited by
- 1,469
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 150 · 2025: 196 · 2024: 193 · 2023: 284 · 2022: 206 · 2021: 201 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 38 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 187.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Abnormal Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (NSF 1449440)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- mood disorders, major depressive episode, suicide, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts, serious psychological distress, age-period-cohort analysis, birth cohort effects, adolescents, young adults, digital media use, sleep duration, cultural trends, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Suicide, Suicide, Attempted, United States, Cohort Studies, Age Distribution, Mood Disorders, Substance-Related Disorders, Internet, Young Adult, Suicidal Ideation
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