Critical Consciousness and Wellbeing in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Youth experiencing systemic oppression(s) face heightened challenges to wellbeing. Critical consciousness, comprised of reflection, motivation, and action against oppression, may protect wellbeing. Wellbeing here refers to mental, socioemotional, and physical health. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize research on the relationship between critical consciousness and wellbeing among adolescents and young adults (ages 12-29). Five databases (PsycInfo, PsychArticles, ERIC, Sociological Abstracts, and PubMed) were searched systematically using keyword searches and inclusion/exclusion criteria; 29 eligible studies were included. Results demonstrated that the critical consciousness and wellbeing relationship varied by critical consciousness dimension and age. The studies of adolescents most often focused on racial/ethnic marginalization and found critical motivation most strongly associated with better wellbeing. The studies of young adults focused on young adult college students and identified mixed results specifically between activism and mental health. Study methods across age spans were primarily quantitative and cross-sectional. Research on critical consciousness and wellbeing can benefit from studies that consider multiple critical consciousness dimensions, use longitudinal approaches, and include youth experiencing multiple and intersecting systems of privilege and marginalization.
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Maker Castro and colleagues' systematic review of 29 studies concluded that research with adolescents tends to find positive relationships between activism and wellbeing, while research with young adult samples is much more mixed.
“Overall, in their systematic review of 29 studies, Maker Castro and colleagues [13] concluded that research with adolescents tends to find positive relationships between activism and wellbeing; however, research with young adult samples, mostly college students, is much more mixed.”
From Burnout and Belonging: How the Costs and Benefits of Youth Activism Affect Youth Health and Wellbeing (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
The Results report 29 eligible studies and describe young-adult findings as mixed and sometimes conflicting; the review also says young-adult studies primarily focused on activism. It reports positive activism–wellbeing associations in mixed adolescent-and-young-adult samples, but its adolescent-only findings largely concern other dimensions of critical consciousness. Thus, the claim overstates how firmly the review establishes a positive pattern specifically for activism in adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExisting reviews generally support links between civic engagement and well-being, although the associations are not always uniform.
“These reviews generally support links between these constructs, although the associations are not always uniform.”
From The Effect of Civic Engagement on Different Dimensions of Well-Being in Youth: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Maker Castro et al., 2022
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“The topic of the association between civic engagement and well-being is not novel, as shown in several existing review studies (Ballard & Ozer, 2016 ; Fenn et al., 2022 ; Maker Castro et al., 2022 ; Vestergren et al., 2017).”
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Lea, C. H., Sardesai, T., Edwards, K. T., Andrade, G. M., & Kim, B.-K. E. (2026) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci16040653
- Authors
- Maker Castro, E., Wray-Lake, L., & Cohen, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Venue
- Adolescent Research Review
- Published
- 2022-05-13
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 499-522
- ISSN
- 2363-8346 (ISSN-L)
- 2363-8354
- PMC
- PMC9101980
- OpenAlex
- W4280575506
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Adolescent Research Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (F31MD017135)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Critical Race Theory in Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Critical and Liberation Pedagogy
- Keywords
- critical consciousness, well-being, adolescents, young adults, systemic oppression, activism, mental health, socioemotional health, intersectionality, university students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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