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How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?
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Abstract Traditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the formation of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a critical overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long‐term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Methodologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specific compounds may also be caused by other stabilization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fossil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water‐extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved organic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 µm), indicating physico‐chemical stabilization. Compound‐specific analysis of 13 C : 12 C ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3‐C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40–50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turnover of pyrolysis products seemed to be much longer, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low 14 C concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short‐term (60 d) and a long‐term (2 y) incubation experiment. This degradation was enhanced, when glucose was supplied as an easily available microbial substrate. Similarly, SOM mineralization in many soils generally increased after addition of carbohydrates, amino acids, or simple organic acids, thus indicating that stability may also be caused by substrate limitations. It is concluded that the presented results do not provide much evidence that the selective preservation of recalcitrant primary biogenic compounds is a major SOM‐stabilization mechanism. Old SOM fractions with slow turnover rates were generally only found in association with soil minerals. The only not mineral‐associated SOM components that may be persistent in soils appear to be black and fossil C.
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In the citing paper
“These C sources can contain complex plant-based OM which is considered rather resistant to chemical and biological degradation 26,27 as well as labile low-molecular-weight C such as amino acids, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids that can be easily used by microorganisms to fuel microbially mediated Fe(III) reduction leading to As release 16,28,29 .”
From Role of in Situ Natural Organic Matter in Mobilizing As during Microbial Reduction of FeIII-Mineral-Bearing Aquifer Sediments from Hanoi (Vietnam). (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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In the citing paper
“Recently, it has been found that the soil residence time for recalcitrant molecules is comparable to that of molecules that are more easily degraded by the soil microbial community (Marschner et al., 2008).”
From Carbon sequestration potential in perennial bioenergy crops: the importance of organic matter inputs and its physical protection (2016) · cites this paper as Marschner et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“ecosystem C storage depends on the balance between production and decomposition.166”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [166]
In the citing paper
“Although some papers recorded specific fractions of SOC [11, 45, 46], little information was available on parameters affecting SOC accumulation in slowly decomposable or ‘recalcitrant’ forms [25, 35, 47].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Residues decompose according to a decay rate (k), dependent on composition, soil protective characteristics, microbial biomass and environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, soil texture and water availability), which determine the system and compound specific mean residence time (MRT) [34, 35].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“C losses may be solely a function of microbial respiration within the litter bag [109], and other fundamental soil processes affecting turnover, such as adsorption to clay and occlusion within the soil matrix [35, 121], were not accounted for.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“However, physical protection and chemical adsorption, both controlled by soil texture (e.g. clay content and cation exchange capacity), may play an important role for long-term C retention [4, 34, 35, 101].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Recalcitrant SOC components, like lignin, increase with depth and clay content due to chemical binding [35, 149].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The half-life of >25 years considered for a C pool to be ‘inert’ [121], and similar times as a criterion for SOC sequestration [5, 35, 151, 158] seems rather short.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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“The physical and chemical stabilization of SOM reduces its availability to microorganisms and enzymes (Lützow et al. 2006; Marschner et al. 2008).”
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“In fact, the chemical heterogeneity and association with soil minerals make such a macromolecular complex resistant to enzyme attack (Lützow et al. 2007; Marschner et al. 2008).”
BackgroundLabile and stable pools of organic matter in soil amended with sewage sludge biochar
de Figueiredo, C. C., Farias, W. M., de Melo, B. A., Chagas, J. K. M., do Vale, A. T., & Coser, T. R. (2018) · Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science · doi:10.1080/03650340.2018.1524577 · Cited by 23
“suggested and consists of a resistant or protected SOM compartment that is highly isolated from the microbial population due to physical, chemical or biological barriers (Marschner et al. 2008).”
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“…is assumed to play a greater role than POM in rapid N and C cycling processes because physically unprotected SOM is more accessible to soil microorganisms for degradation and decomposi- tion than the physically protected POM (Gregorich et al., 2006; Lützow et al., 2008; Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundWater Repellency and Hydrophobicity of Some Major Agricultural Crop Residues
Miller, J. J., Owen, M. L., Yang, X. M., Drury, C. F., Chanasyk, D. S., & Willms, W. D. (2019) · Agronomy Journal · doi:10.2134/agronj2019.02.0067 · Cited by 21
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“…of organic S has been proposed as a mechanism that influences S turnover rates (Eriksen, 1997) and recent developments in organic matter turnover research in general show that organic matter associations on mineral surfaces are important (Kögel-Knabner et al., 2008; Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundStark, S., Hilli, S., Willför, S. M., Smeds, A. I., Reunanen, M., Penttinen, M., & Hautajärvi, R. (2011) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2389.2011.01411.x · Cited by 21
“…is determined by slow decom- position of litter (‘recalcitrance’ to microbial degradation) has recently been challenged by studies demonstrating that SOM is often composed of substances that are not inherently slowly degradable by the soil microorganisms (Marschner et al., 2008; Prescott, 2010).”
BackgroundBlume, H., Brümmer, G. W., Fleige, H., Horn, R., Kandeler, E., Kögel‐Knabner, I., Kretzschmar, R., Stahr, K., & Wilke, B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-30942-7_3 · Cited by 21
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Physical access for residue-mineral interactions controls organic carbon retention in an Oxisol soil
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Study of clay-organic complexes
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Self-citationRespiration in Terrestrial Ecosystems
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“, 2008) depending on the composition of organic input to the soil system (Kögel-Knabner, 2002) and interactions with mineral components of the soil (Marschner et al., 2008; Mikutta, Kleber, Torn, & Jahn, 2006), but knowledge about its chemical and physical properties is limited (Dungait, Hopkins, Gregory, & Whitmore,…”
BackgroundInfluentialOverview of different aspects of climate change effects on soils
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Self-citationPlant organ rather than cover crop species determines residue incorporation into SOC pools
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“…time-scales (years) by selective preservation (Lützow et al., 2006; Six et al., 2002), recalcitrant plant residues have been associated with a low substrate use efficiency (Cotrufo et al., 2013) and have not been found to preferentially accumulate in SOM in the long term (Marschner et al., 2008).”
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“In addition, the dis aggregation of the soil (during its mechanical grinding or ultrasonic treatment) and the interaction of the soil particles with water and chemicals composing heavy liquids can significantly change the initial composi tion of the fractions obtained in the course of the frac tionation procedure [23].”
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“…raised doubt about the traditional assumptions underlying the idea of ‘humifi-cation’ through the condensation of large molecules from decomposition products (Hammel 1997; Marschner et al. 2008; Sinsabaugh 2010; Schmidt et al. 2011; Sinsabaugh and Follstad Shah 2011; Guenet et al. 2012).”
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“It naturally originates from vegetation fires, but fossil sources, such as coal dust, also may contribute to BC in soil (Marschner et al. 2008).”
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“Some slowly decomposable compounds to biodegradation in the residues (e.g., lignin) remain undecomposed for a decade or longer due to their complex chemical structure (Marschner et al., 2008).”
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“Decomposition of organic compounds may be restricted due to their molecular-level characteristics such as elemental composition, presence of functional groups, and molecular conformation (Marschner et al. 2008).”
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“In a talk considering the importance of recalcitrance as a stabilization mechanism for soil organic matter, Bernt Marschner reported that there was little evidence for it, except in the case of black carbon and fossil carbon (see: Marschner et al. 2008).”
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“The increased degree of aromaticity in soil OM is indicative of recalcitrance (Marschner et al. 2008).”
BackgroundCarbon Sequestration and Climate Change Mitigation
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“Although many studies have addressed tree species effects on the forest floor C dynamics or mineral soil and forest floor C pools [29–32], they provide limited information on the “stability” of these pools, particularly in the mineral soil where C can persist for centuries through the association of soil organic matte…”
BackgroundZhong, R., Lyu, H., Kumari, M., Mishra, A. K., Jat, M. L., Dahlgren, R. A., Funakawa, S., & Watanabe, T. (2023) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2023.116709 · Cited by 15
“S10a), recalcitrance of some organic maize components (e.g., lignin), and microbial accessibility may also limit mineralization (Dungait et al., 2012; Marschner et al., 2008; Rousk et al., 2009).”
Jones, A. R., Sanderman, J., Allen, D. E., Dalal, R. C., & Schmidt, S. (2015) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-015-0093-4 · Cited by 15
“The presence of organo-mineral interactions in almost all soils makes it difficult to separate the effects of litter quality and soil mineral drivers of SOC stabilisation (Marschner et al. 2008) and thus hinders the identification of the single role of litter quality on C decomposition.”
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“This may be because the physicochemical protection of soil aggregates is considered to be a crucial factor for soil organic carbon sequestration (Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundRumpel, C., & Chabbi, A. (2009) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-009-9333-0 · Cited by 14
“Similar results were obtained by pyrolysis-GC–MS (Rumpel et al. 2010) and are in agreement with the observation, that the recalcitrant nature of lignin does not lead to its long-term preservation in soil (Marschner et al. 2008).”
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Jiménez, J. J., & Villar, L. (2016) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2016.10.011 · Cited by 13
Synthesis: emerging issues and challenges for an integrated understanding of soil carbon fluxes
Bahn, M., Kutsch, W. L., & Heinemeyer, A. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511711794.015 · Cited by 13
Origin of Subsoil Carbon in a Chinese Paddy Soil Chronosequence
Bräuer, T., Grootes, P. M., & Nadeau, M. (2013) · Radiocarbon · doi:10.1017/s0033822200058197 · Cited by 13
“…organic complexity over the past decades (Scharpenseel et al. 1989; Trumbore et al. 1989; Becker-Heidmann and Scharpenseel 1992; Wang and Amundson 1996; Six et al. 2001; Baisden et al. 2002; Rethemeyer et al. 2005; Dreves et al. 2007; Flessa et al. 2008; Marschner et al. 2008; Laskar et al. 2012).”
Self-citationDevelopments in crops and management systems to improve lignocellulosic feedstock production
Coulman, B. E., Dalai, A. K., Heaton, E. A., Lee, C. P., Lefsrud, M. G., Levin, D. B., Lemaux, P. G., Neale, D. B., Shoemaker, S. P., Singh, J., et al. (2013) · Biofuels Bioproducts and Biorefining · doi:10.1002/bbb.1418 · Cited by 13
Jakab, G., Filep, T., Király, C., Madarász, B., Zacháry, D., Ringer, M., Vancsik, A. V., Gáspár, L., & Szalai, Z. (2019) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy9110700 · Cited by 13
Multiple stages of plant root calcification deciphered by chemical and micromorphological analyses
Huguet, A., Bernard, S., Khatib, R. E., Gocke, M., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., & Derenne, S. (2020) · Geobiology · doi:10.1111/gbi.12416 · Cited by 13
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“From Marschner et al. (2008), this AOM could also facilitate long term C sequestration since it can be strongly associated with soil minerals and stabilized by physical and chemical interactions.”
BackgroundBonifacio, E., Catoni, M., Falsone, G., Said‐Pullicino, D., & Celi, L. (2013) · Biology and Fertility of Soils · doi:10.1007/s00374-013-0788-4 · Cited by 13
“Intrinsic recalcitrance has a minor effect in mineral soil horizons with respect to other stabilisation mechanisms (Marschner et al. 2008), while the interaction of OM with metal ions and/or mineral surfaces is more important and has been related to the amounts of organo-metallic complexes and…”
BackgroundGarraud, J., Plihon, H., Capiaux, H., Guern, C. L., Mench, M. J., & Lebeau, T. (2023) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2023.2221740 · Cited by 12
“The degradation rate depends on the bioavailability of DOM along with its chemical recalcitrance (Marschner and Kalbitz 2003) and its physical protection (Marschner et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialFoti, L., Barot, S., Gignoux, J., Grimaldi, M., Lata, J., Lerch, T. Z., Nold, F., Nunan, N., Raynaud, X., Abbadie, L., et al. (2020) · Soil Use and Management · doi:10.1111/sum.12640 · Cited by 12
“…to a longer period of exposure to urban conditions and anthropogenic chemical inputs, for example incomplete combustion of fossil fuel or biomass, which may have affected the composition of SOM and enhanced its recalcitrance to decomposition (Marschner et al., 2008; Schmidt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPapa, G., Spagnol, M., Tambone, F., Pilu, R., Scaglia, B., & Adani, F. (2009) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.11.032 · Cited by 12
Mueller‐Niggemann, C., & Schwark, L. (2015) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2015.03.016 · Cited by 12
Self-citationExchangeable cation effects on hot water extractable carbon and nitrogen in agricultural soils
Curtin, D., Qiu, W., Peterson, M. E., Beare, M., Anderson, C. R., & Chantigny, M. H. (2020) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr19222 · Cited by 12
Organic Matter Causes Chemical Pollutant Dissipation Along With Adsorption and Microbial Degradation
Harju, V., Närhi, I., Mattsson, M., Kerminen, K., & Kontro, M. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2021.666222 · Cited by 11
“Even a small increase in microbial OM decomposition rate due to climate change-caused rising temperatures has been evaluated to become significant at longer timescales in increasing recalcitrant compounds in organic soils, and areas of mineral soil (Davidson and Janssens, 2006; Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundJiménez-González, M. A., Álvarez, A. M., Carral, P., Abd‐Elmabod, S. K., & Almendros, G. (2022) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.116187 · Cited by 11
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Thermal stability of soil organic carbon subjected to water erosion as a function of edaphic factors
Li, Z.-W., Xiao, L.-H., Deng, C., Yuan, Z.-J., Liang, C., Xiong, Q., Li, Z.-T., & Nie, X. (2021) · International Journal of Sediment Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijsrc.2021.06.002 · Cited by 9
Accumulation of SOM fractions to croplands and plantations converted from cropland with black soil
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“In recent years, however, research has found that the quality of organic matter does not seem to be decisive to the accumulation of SOM, but soil texture and aggregation play a more important role in the stabilisation and accumulation of SOM (Marschner et al., 2008; Schmidt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBoukra, A., Masson, M., Brosse, C., Sourzac, M., Parlanti, E., & Miège, C. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162104 · Cited by 11
Organic carbon stabilization in microaggregates of sod-podzolic soils depending on land use
Artemyeva, Z. S., Рыжова, И. М., Sileva, T. M., & Erokhova, A. A. (2013) · Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin · doi:10.3103/s0147687413030022 · Cited by 11
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Self-citation13C-dating, the first method to calculate the relative age of molecular substance homologues in soil
Lichtfouse, É. (2011) · Environmental Chemistry Letters · doi:10.1007/s10311-011-0334-2 · Cited by 11
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Micromorphological characteristics of sandy forest soils recently impacted by wildfires in Russia
Maksimova, E., & Abakumov, E. V. (2017) · Solid Earth · doi:10.5194/se-8-553-2017 · Cited by 11
“Some studies argue that black carbon decomposes very slowly (Liu et al., 2008) or practically non-degradable (González-Pérez et al., 2004), while others show that it successfully affected by chemical (Cheng et al., 2006, 2008) and microbial (Knicker et al., 2013; Marschner et al., 2008) oxidation.”
BackgroundMoon, J., Xia, K., & Williams, M. A. (2018) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-018-0523-1 · Cited by 11
“Proteinaceous compounds are major contributors to soil organic matter accumulation (SOM) and persistence (Zang et al. 2000; Marschner et al. 2008; Knicker 2011; Schmidt et al. 2011; Moon et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialHilli, S. (2011) · Cited by 11
INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION ON SOIL CARBON STOCKS IN FORESTS (REVIEW)
Кузнецова, А. И. (2021) · Forest science issues · doi:10.31509/2658-607x-2021-44-95 · Cited by 10
Land use alters bacterial growth dynamics in soil
Wattenburger, C. J., & Buckley, D. H. (2023) · Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1111/1462-2920.16514 · Cited by 11
Li, W., Zhang, J., Song, S., Liang, Y., Sun, B., Wu, Y., Mao, X., & Lin, Y. (2023) · Journal of Arid Land · doi:10.1007/s40333-023-0028-1 · Cited by 9
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Zhang, T., Hou, M., Liu, L., & Tian, F. (2019) · Computers and Electronics in Agriculture · doi:10.1016/j.compag.2019.104936 · Cited by 10
Land-use change in the Zagros forests and its impact on soil carbon sequestration
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Marschner, B., Brodowski, S., Dreves, A., Gleixner, G., Gude, A., Grootes, P. M., Hamer, U., Heim, A., Jandl, G., Ji, R., Kaiser, K., Kalbitz, K., Kramer, C., Leinweber, P., Rethemeyer, J., Schäffer, A., Schmidt, M. W. I., Schwark, L., & Wiesenberg, G. L. B.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Rostock (DE)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse (CN)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- University of Bayreuth (DE)
- Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing (DE)
- University of Bremen (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Marschner, Bernd
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-01-31
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-110
- ISSN
- 1436-8730 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2624
- OpenAlex
- W2095567930
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 59.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- recalcitrance, humic substances, organic matter turnover, dissolved organic matter, aromatic compounds, lignin, lipids, fossil carbon, black carbon, lignite, 13C/12C ratio, substrate limitation, microbial degradation, soil mineralization, subsoil
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