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How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?
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Abstract Traditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the formation of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a critical overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long‐term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Methodologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specific compounds may also be caused by other stabilization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fossil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water‐extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved organic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 µm), indicating physico‐chemical stabilization. Compound‐specific analysis of 13 C : 12 C ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3‐C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40–50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turnover of pyrolysis products seemed to be much longer, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low 14 C concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short‐term (60 d) and a long‐term (2 y) incubation experiment. This degradation was enhanced, when glucose was supplied as an easily available microbial substrate. Similarly, SOM mineralization in many soils generally increased after addition of carbohydrates, amino acids, or simple organic acids, thus indicating that stability may also be caused by substrate limitations. It is concluded that the presented results do not provide much evidence that the selective preservation of recalcitrant primary biogenic compounds is a major SOM‐stabilization mechanism. Old SOM fractions with slow turnover rates were generally only found in association with soil minerals. The only not mineral‐associated SOM components that may be persistent in soils appear to be black and fossil C.
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“These C sources can contain complex plant-based OM which is considered rather resistant to chemical and biological degradation 26,27 as well as labile low-molecular-weight C such as amino acids, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids that can be easily used by microorganisms to fuel microbially mediated Fe(III) reduction leading to As release 16,28,29 .”
From Role of in Situ Natural Organic Matter in Mobilizing As during Microbial Reduction of FeIII-Mineral-Bearing Aquifer Sediments from Hanoi (Vietnam). (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Recently, it has been found that the soil residence time for recalcitrant molecules is comparable to that of molecules that are more easily degraded by the soil microbial community (Marschner et al., 2008).”
From Carbon sequestration potential in perennial bioenergy crops: the importance of organic matter inputs and its physical protection (2016) · cites this paper as Marschner et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“ecosystem C storage depends on the balance between production and decomposition.166”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [166]
In the citing paper
“Although some papers recorded specific fractions of SOC [11, 45, 46], little information was available on parameters affecting SOC accumulation in slowly decomposable or ‘recalcitrant’ forms [25, 35, 47].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Residues decompose according to a decay rate (k), dependent on composition, soil protective characteristics, microbial biomass and environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, soil texture and water availability), which determine the system and compound specific mean residence time (MRT) [34, 35].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“C losses may be solely a function of microbial respiration within the litter bag [109], and other fundamental soil processes affecting turnover, such as adsorption to clay and occlusion within the soil matrix [35, 121], were not accounted for.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“However, physical protection and chemical adsorption, both controlled by soil texture (e.g. clay content and cation exchange capacity), may play an important role for long-term C retention [4, 34, 35, 101].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Recalcitrant SOC components, like lignin, increase with depth and clay content due to chemical binding [35, 149].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The half-life of >25 years considered for a C pool to be ‘inert’ [121], and similar times as a criterion for SOC sequestration [5, 35, 151, 158] seems rather short.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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Self-citation- Self-citation
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property
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“1) 12,15–17 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationCotrufo, M. F., Wallenstein, M. D., Boot, C. M., Denef, K., & Paul, E. (2013) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.12113 · Cited by 3,552
“, 2011), while recalcitrant plant components do not preferentially accumulate in SOM (Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundFormation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss
Cotrufo, M. F., Soong, J. L., Horton, A. J., Campbell, E. E., Haddix, M. L., Wall, D. H., & Parton, W. J. (2015) · Nature Geoscience · doi:10.1038/ngeo2520 · Cited by 1,874
Deep soil organic matter—a key but poorly understood component of terrestrial C cycle
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“Krull et al. (2003) highlighted chemical recalcitrance as the only mechanism by which SOC can be protected over long periods of time whereas Marschner et al. (2008) provided evidence that chemical recalcitrance may no longer be regarded as a long-term stabilisation mechanism of SOM.”
BackgroundSoil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance
Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S., & Whitmore, A. P. (2012) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02665.x · Cited by 1,616
“…notion of intrinsic molecular recalcitrance as a concept in understanding the stability of SOM (see recent reviews by Kögel Knabner et al., 2008; Marschner et al., 2008; Kleber, 2010; Schmidt et al., 2011) although this attitude is not new (Jenkinson & Rayner, 1977; Sollins et al., 1996), with…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Marschner, B., Brodowski, S., Dreves, A., Gleixner, G., Gude, A., Grootes, P. M., Hamer, U., Heim, A., Jandl, G., Ji, R., Kaiser, K., Kalbitz, K., Kramer, C., Leinweber, P., Rethemeyer, J., Schäffer, A., Schmidt, M. W. I., Schwark, L., & Wiesenberg, G. L. B.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Rostock (DE)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse (CN)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- University of Bayreuth (DE)
- Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing (DE)
- University of Bremen (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Marschner, Bernd
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-01-31
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-110
- ISSN
- 1436-8730 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2624
- OpenAlex
- W2095567930
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 59.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- recalcitrance, humic substances, organic matter turnover, dissolved organic matter, aromatic compounds, lignin, lipids, fossil carbon, black carbon, lignite, 13C/12C ratio, substrate limitation, microbial degradation, soil mineralization, subsoil
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