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How relevant is recalcitrance for the stabilization of organic matter in soils?
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Abstract Traditionally, the selective preservation of certain recalcitrant organic compounds and the formation of recalcitrant humic substances have been regarded as an important mechanism for soil organic matter (SOM) stabilization. Based on a critical overview of available methods and on results from a cooperative research program, this paper evaluates how relevant recalcitrance is for the long‐term stabilization of SOM or its fractions. Methodologically, recalcitrance is difficult to assess, since the persistence of certain SOM fractions or specific compounds may also be caused by other stabilization mechanisms, such as physical protection or chemical interactions with mineral surfaces. If only free particulate SOM obtained from density fractionation is considered, it rarely reaches ages exceeding 50 y. Older light particles have often been identified as charred plant residues or as fossil C. The degradability of the readily bioavailable dissolved or water‐extractable OM fraction is often negatively correlated with its content in aromatic compounds, which therefore has been associated with recalcitrance. But in subsoils, dissolved organic matter aromaticity and biodegradability both are very low, indicating that other factors or compounds limit its degradation. Among the investigated specific compounds, lignin, lipids, and their derivatives have mean turnover times faster or similar as that of bulk SOM. Only a small fraction of the lignin inputs seems to persist in soils and is mainly found in the fine textural size fraction (<20 µm), indicating physico‐chemical stabilization. Compound‐specific analysis of 13 C : 12 C ratios of SOM pyrolysis products in soils with C3‐C4 crop changes revealed no compounds with mean residence times of > 40–50 y, unless fossil C was present in substantial amounts, as at a site exposed to lignite inputs in the past. Here, turnover of pyrolysis products seemed to be much longer, even for those attributed to carbohydrates or proteins. Apparently, fossil C from lignite coal is also utilized by soil organisms, which is further evidenced by low 14 C concentrations in microbial phospholipid fatty acids from this site. Also, black C from charred plant materials was susceptible to microbial degradation in a short‐term (60 d) and a long‐term (2 y) incubation experiment. This degradation was enhanced, when glucose was supplied as an easily available microbial substrate. Similarly, SOM mineralization in many soils generally increased after addition of carbohydrates, amino acids, or simple organic acids, thus indicating that stability may also be caused by substrate limitations. It is concluded that the presented results do not provide much evidence that the selective preservation of recalcitrant primary biogenic compounds is a major SOM‐stabilization mechanism. Old SOM fractions with slow turnover rates were generally only found in association with soil minerals. The only not mineral‐associated SOM components that may be persistent in soils appear to be black and fossil C.
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“These C sources can contain complex plant-based OM which is considered rather resistant to chemical and biological degradation 26,27 as well as labile low-molecular-weight C such as amino acids, carbohydrates and carboxylic acids that can be easily used by microorganisms to fuel microbially mediated Fe(III) reduction leading to As release 16,28,29 .”
From Role of in Situ Natural Organic Matter in Mobilizing As during Microbial Reduction of FeIII-Mineral-Bearing Aquifer Sediments from Hanoi (Vietnam). (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Recently, it has been found that the soil residence time for recalcitrant molecules is comparable to that of molecules that are more easily degraded by the soil microbial community (Marschner et al., 2008).”
From Carbon sequestration potential in perennial bioenergy crops: the importance of organic matter inputs and its physical protection (2016) · cites this paper as Marschner et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“ecosystem C storage depends on the balance between production and decomposition.166”
From Technologies and perspectives for achieving carbon neutrality (2021) · cites this paper as [166]
In the citing paper
“Although some papers recorded specific fractions of SOC [11, 45, 46], little information was available on parameters affecting SOC accumulation in slowly decomposable or ‘recalcitrant’ forms [25, 35, 47].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Residues decompose according to a decay rate (k), dependent on composition, soil protective characteristics, microbial biomass and environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation, soil texture and water availability), which determine the system and compound specific mean residence time (MRT) [34, 35].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“C losses may be solely a function of microbial respiration within the litter bag [109], and other fundamental soil processes affecting turnover, such as adsorption to clay and occlusion within the soil matrix [35, 121], were not accounted for.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“However, physical protection and chemical adsorption, both controlled by soil texture (e.g. clay content and cation exchange capacity), may play an important role for long-term C retention [4, 34, 35, 101].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Recalcitrant SOC components, like lignin, increase with depth and clay content due to chemical binding [35, 149].”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The half-life of >25 years considered for a C pool to be ‘inert’ [121], and similar times as a criterion for SOC sequestration [5, 35, 151, 158] seems rather short.”
From Carbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out? (2015) · cites this paper as [35]
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Litter decay rates are determined by lignin chemistry
Bhatnagar, J. M., Yelle, D. J., Nowick, J. S., & Treseder, K. K. (2011) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-011-9599-6 · Cited by 244
“Our observation that the majority of lignin linkages are degraded during plant litter decomposition (Table 3) supports the new paradigm of soil development, in which lignin chemical recalcitrance is primarily important during the early-to-mid stages of pedogenesis while other C stabilization mechanisms like aggregatio…”
BackgroundFire-derived organic carbon in soil turns over on a centennial scale
Singh, N., Abiven, S., Torn, M. S., & Schmidt, M. W. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-2847-2012 · Cited by 253
“Some researchers suggest that PyC forms a slow-cycling C pool in the soil (Preston and Schmidt, 2006; Marschner, 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSmith, A. P., Marín-Spiotta, E., de Graaff, M., & Balser, T. C. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.030 · Cited by 238
Impacts of organic matter amendments on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in grassland soils
Ryals, R. A., Kaiser, M., Torn, M. S., Berhe, A. A., & Silver, W. L. (2013) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.09.011 · Cited by 238
“The notion of inherent recalcitrance of organic material is currently being debated (Kögel-Knabner et al., 2008; Marschner et al., 2008; Schmidt et al., 2011; Dungait et al., 2012) but functional group chemistry plays a role in solubility, organo-mineral interactions, and other processes related to…”
BackgroundBrilli, L., Bechini, L., Bindi, M., Carozzi, M., Cavalli, D., Conant, R., Dorich, C. D., Doro, L., Ehrhardt, F., Farina, R., et al. (2017) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.208 · Cited by 244
Dynamic Stability of Soil Carbon: Reassessing the “Permanence” of Soil Carbon Sequestration
Dynarski, K. A., Bossio, D., & Scow, K. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.514701 · Cited by 251
“…horizons, may not lead to C sequestration when whole soil profile is considered Six et al., 2000; Angers and Eriksen-Hamel, 2008; Luo et al., 2010; Martínez et al., 2016 Biochar amendments 1–1.8 Increases size of a soil’s potential C sink by adding degradation-resistant C, may increase microbial…”
BackgroundInfluentialBlagodatskaya, E. V., Yuyukina, T., Blagodatsky, S., & Kuzyakov, Y. V. (2010) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.09.028 · Cited by 224
“…and microbial C/CO2eC found in several studies (Santruckova et al., 2000; Potthoff et al., 2003; Pelz et al., 2005; Murage and Voroney, 2007; McGoldrick et al., 2008; Coyle et al., 2009; Werth and Kuzyakov, 2010; current study) can be explained by two factors: the interactive effects of the…”
BackgroundGrandy, A. S., Strickland, M. S., Lauber, C. L., Bradford, M. A., & Fierer, N. (2009) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.02.007 · Cited by 219
“These interactions confer greater stability than chemical recalcitrance (von Lutzow et al., 2006; Marschner et al., 2008 ); as a result, lignin will be, as we observed, present in lower proportions in fine-textured soils.”
BackgroundSoil carbon storage and stabilisation in andic soils: A review
Matus, F. J., Rumpel, C., Neculmán, R., Panichini, M., & Mora, M. D. L. L. (2014) · CATENA · doi:10.1016/j.catena.2014.04.008 · Cited by 232
Angst, G., Mueller, K. E., Kögel‐Knabner, I., Freeman, K. H., & Mueller, C. W. (2017) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-017-0304-2 · Cited by 219
“…interactions like selective stabilization by organomineral association and occlusion of OM inside aggregates (Schmidt et al. 2011), and (ii) inherent recalcitrance of certain organic biomolecules is not important for the long-term stabilization of SOM (Marschner et al. 2008; Kleber 2010).”
BackgroundGrassland Management Affects Delivery of Regulating and Supporting Ecosystem Services
Sollenberger, L. E., Kohmann, M. M., Dubeux, J. C. B., & Silveira, M. L. (2019) · Crop Science · doi:10.2135/cropsci2018.09.0594 · Cited by 220
Benbi, D. K., Boparai, A. K., & Brar, K. (2014) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.12.032 · Cited by 205
Glomalin – Truths, myths, and the future of this elusive soil glycoprotein
Holátko, J., Brtnický, M., Kučerík, J., Kotianová, M., Elbl, J., Kintl, A., Kynický, J., Benada, O., Datta, R., & Jansa, J. (2020) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.108116 · Cited by 207
Malghani, S., Gleixner, G., & Trumbore, S. E. (2013) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.03.013 · Cited by 202
Self-citationCentennial black carbon turnover observed in a Russian steppe soil
Hammes, K., Torn, M. S., Lapenas, A., & Schmidt, M. W. I. (2008) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-5-1339-2008 · Cited by 201
Self-citationBarré, P., Fernández‐Ugalde, O., Virto, I., Velde, B., & Chenu, C. (2014) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.07.029 · Cited by 209
Weijers, J. W. H., Wiesenberg, G. L. B., Bol, R., Hopmans, E. C., & Pancost, R. D. (2010) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-7-2959-2010 · Cited by 197
Self-citationSoil carbon management and climate change
Lal, R. (2013) · Carbon Management · doi:10.4155/cmt.13.31 · Cited by 214
Chivenge, P. P., Vanlauwe, B., Gentile, R. M., & Six, J. (2010) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.12.002 · Cited by 192
Quantifying the allocation of soil organic carbon to biologically significant fractions
Baldock, J., Sanderman, J., Macdonald, L. M., Puccini, A., Hawke, B., Szarvas, S., & McGowan, J. A. (2013) · Soil Research · doi:10.1071/sr12374 · Cited by 185
Soil organic carbon stability in forests: Distinct effects of tree species identity and traits
Angst, G., Mueller, K. E., Eissenstat, D. M., Trumbore, S. E., Freeman, K. H., Hobbie, S. E., Chorover, J., Oleksyn, J., Reich, P. B., & Mueller, C. W. (2018) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.14548 · Cited by 188
“…2008), they provide limited information on the “stability” of these pools, particularly in the mineral soil, where C can persist for centuries through association of soil organic matter (SOM) with minerals or occlusion of SOM within aggregates (von Lützow et al., 2006; Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundOrganic nitrogen storage in mineral soil: Implications for policy and management
Bingham, A. H., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.020 · Cited by 194
Unifying soil organic matter formation and persistence frameworks: the MEMS model
Robertson, A. D., Paustian, K. H., Ogle, S. M., Wallenstein, M. D., Lugato, E., & Cotrufo, M. F. (2019) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-16-1225-2019 · Cited by 194
Nayak, A. K., Rahman, M. M., Naidu, R., Dhal, B., Swain, C. K., Nayak, A., Tripathi, R., Shahid, M., Islam, M. R., & Pathak, H. K. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.125 · Cited by 182
Microorganisms and nutrient stoichiometry as mediators of soil organic matter dynamics
Coonan, E. C., Kirkby, C. A., Kirkegaard, J. A., Amidy, M. R., Strong, C., & Richardson, A. E. (2020) · Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems · doi:10.1007/s10705-020-10076-8 · Cited by 193
Lignin: Characterization of a Multifaceted Crop Component
Frei, M. (2013) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2013/436517 · Cited by 184
“In contrast, an increasing number of studies found that lignin derived compounds did not selectively accumulate in the refractory C pool of deeper soil horizons [280–283], suggesting that the role of lignin in long-termC sequestration remains to be fully elucidated.”
BackgroundResultStabilisation of soil organic matter: interactions between clay and microbes
Islam, M. R., Singh, B., & Dijkstra, F. A. (2022) · Biogeochemistry · doi:10.1007/s10533-022-00956-2 · Cited by 184
García-Franco, N., Albaladejo, J., Almagro, M., & Martínez‐Mena, M. (2015) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.05.010 · Cited by 178
Warming accelerates decomposition of decades-old carbon in forest soils
Hopkins, F. M., Torn, M. S., & Trumbore, S. E. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1120603109 · Cited by 176
“However, the radiocarbon age of soil C is not necessarily indicative of biochemical stability (48), and we do not know the extent to which biochemical stability or activation energy of compounds per se controls C decomposability in mineral soils (50).”
Soil texture affects the coupling of litter decomposition and soil organic matter formation
Angst, G., Pokorný, J., Mueller, C. W., Prater, I., Preußer, S., Kandeler, E., Meador, T. B., Straková, P., Hájek, T., van Buiten, G., et al. (2021) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2021.108302 · Cited by 172
Bolan, N. S., Kunhikrishnan, A., Choppala, G. K., Thangarajan, R., & Chung, J. W. (2012) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.02.061 · Cited by 164
Soil indicators to assess the effectiveness of restoration strategies in dryland ecosystems
Costantini, E. A. C., Branquinho, C., Nunes, A., Schwilch, G., Stavi, I., Valdecantos, A., & Zucca, C. (2016) · Solid Earth · doi:10.5194/se-7-397-2016 · Cited by 177
“SOM has a complex nature, and the different forms which result from the humification and decomposition processes have varying residence time in soil (Marschner et al., 2008).”
BackgroundTamura, M., & Tharayil, N. (2014) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.12795 · Cited by 164
The detrital input and removal treatment (DIRT) network: Insights into soil carbon stabilization
Lajtha, K., Bowden, R. D., Crow, S. E., Fekete, I., Kotroczó, Z., Plante, A. F., Simpson, M. J., & Nadelhoffer, K. J. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.388 · Cited by 164
Cates, A. M., Ruark, M. D., Hedtcke, J. L., & Posner, J. L. (2015) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2015.09.008 · Cited by 166
Combined role of no-tillage and cropping systems in soil carbon stocks and stabilization
Conceição, P. C., Dieckow, J., & Bayer, C. (2013) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2013.01.006 · Cited by 158
Kögel‐Knabner, I., Ekschmitt, K., Flessa, H., Guggenberger, G., Matzner, E., Marschner, B., & Lützow, M. V. (2008) · Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science · doi:10.1002/jpln.200700215 · Cited by 156
Self-citationCarbon Sequestration by Perennial Energy Crops: Is the Jury Still Out?
Agostini, F., Gregory, A. S., & Richter, G. M. (2015) · BioEnergy Research · doi:10.1007/s12155-014-9571-0 · Cited by 155
Klink, S., Keller, A. B., Wild, A. J., Baumert, V. L., Gube, M., Lehndorff, E., Meyer, N., Mueller, C. W., Phillips, R. P., & Pausch, J. (2022) · Soil Biology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2022.108634 · Cited by 162
Mambelli, S., Bird, J. A., Gleixner, G., Dawson, T. E., & Torn, M. S. (2011) · Organic Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2011.06.008 · Cited by 149
“…of plant compounds is minor in most aerobic soils and that intrinsic recalcitrance to decomposition of litter input to the soil might not be a major factor controlling C sequestration and SOM stability (Gleixner et al., 2002; v. Lützow et al., 2006; Marschner et al., 2008; Kleber et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarbon Storage in Soil Size Fractions Under Two Cacao Agroforestry Systems in Bahia, Brazil
Gama-Rodrigues, E. F., Nair, P. K. R., Nair, V. D., Gama-Rodrigues, A. C., Baligar, V. C., & Machado, R. (2010) · Environmental Management · doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9420-7 · Cited by 154
Lawrence, C. R., Harden, J. W., Xu, X., Schulz, M. S., & Trumbore, S. E. (2015) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.02.005 · Cited by 162
“, 2006) and there is little evidence that such intrinsic properties are important controls on SOC over timescales of decades to millennia (Marschner et al., 2008; Schmidt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe Chemical Ecology of Soil Organic Matter Molecular Constituents
Simpson, M. J., & Simpson, A. J. (2012) · Journal of Chemical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0122-x · Cited by 155
Metadata
- Authors
- Marschner, B., Brodowski, S., Dreves, A., Gleixner, G., Gude, A., Grootes, P. M., Hamer, U., Heim, A., Jandl, G., Ji, R., Kaiser, K., Kalbitz, K., Kramer, C., Leinweber, P., Rethemeyer, J., Schäffer, A., Schmidt, M. W. I., Schwark, L., & Wiesenberg, G. L. B.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (DE)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Rostock (DE)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse (CN)
- Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (DE)
- University of Bayreuth (DE)
- Federal Institute For Materials Research and Testing (DE)
- University of Bremen (DE)
- RWTH Aachen University (DE)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Marschner, Bernd
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-01-31
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 91-110
- ISSN
- 1436-8730 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-2624
- OpenAlex
- W2095567930
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 43 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 57 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 59.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (acceptedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil erosion and sediment transport
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil and Environmental Studies
- Keywords
- recalcitrance, humic substances, organic matter turnover, dissolved organic matter, aromatic compounds, lignin, lipids, fossil carbon, black carbon, lignite, 13C/12C ratio, substrate limitation, microbial degradation, soil mineralization, subsoil
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