Deep eutectic solvent based magnetic nanofluid in the development of stir bar sorptive dispersive microextraction: an efficient hyphenated sample preparation for ultra-trace nitroaromatic explosives extraction in wastewater
Open accessAbstract
A deep eutectic solvent based magnetic nanofluid was coupled with stir bar sorptive dispersive microextraction as a hyphenated sample preparation technique. The neodymium core magnetic stir bar was coated physically with nanofluid of magnetic carbon nanotube nanocomposites and deep eutectic solvents. The prepared nanofluid has magnetic and strong sorbing properties and is compatible with gas chromatography. In this nanofluid, the deep eutectic solvent acts simultaneously as both carrier and stabilizer for magnetic nanotubes. The predominant experimental variables affecting the extraction efficiency of nitroaromatic compounds were evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection and enrichment factor were in the range of 0.2–4.9 ng/L and 852–1480, respectively. The relative standard deviations were between 5.6 and 10.2% (n = 6). Method validation was performed by both spiking–recovery method and comparison of results with other methods. Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the extraction and pre‐concentration of nitroaromatic explosives in water samples, followed by determination by gas chromatography with micro‐electron capture detection.
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In the fluids, HDES acted simultaneously as both carrier and stabilizer for magnetic nanotubes.
“In the fluids, HDES acted simultaneously as both carrier and stabilizer for magnetic nanotubes.”
From Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques–A review (2020) · cites this paper as [136]
Section 2.5 says magnetic multiwalled carbon nanotubes were dispersed in resorcinol–choline chloride DES, supporting its role as the carrier. The Introduction describes the intended nanofluid as stable, but our copy does not identify the solvent as HDES or establish that it acted specifically as a stabilizer. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredZarei et al. reported LODs for 2-NT, 3-NT, 2,6-DNT, 2,4-DNT, and TNT of 4.92, 3.19, 0.25, 0.45, and 0.22 ng/L, respectively.
“The LOD of the analytes were 4.92 for 2-NT, 3.19 for 3-NT, 0.25 for 2,6-DNT, 0.45 for 2,4-DNT, and 0.22 ng/L for TNT.”
From Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
Table 1, reproduced in section 3.5 (page not available), gives the claimed LODs in ng/L for 2-NT, 3-NT, 2,6-DNT, and 2,4-DNT. The table text in our copy cuts off before a TNT row, and section 3.4 gives only an overall LOD range; neither verifies the claimed 0.22 ng/L for TNT. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredZarei et al. reported linear ranges of 20-1500 ng/L, 15-1500 ng/L, 1-1500 ng/L, 2-1500 ng/L, and 1-1500 ng/L for 2-NT, 3-NT, 2,6-DNT, 2,4-DNT, and TNT, respectively.
“The related linear ranges were between 20–1500 ng/L, 15–1500 ng/L, 1–1500 ng/L, 2–1500 ng/L, and 1–1500 ng/L, respectively, for each target compound.”
From Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
Table 1, reproduced in section 3.5, gives the claimed linear ranges for 2-NT, 3-NT, 2,6-DNT, and 2,4-DNT. Section 3.4 says linearity was investigated up to 1500 ng/L, but the TNT row is absent from our copy of Table 1, so its claimed lower limit of 1 ng/L cannot be verified. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe prepared nanofluid was characterized by strong magnetic and sorbing properties, providing high extraction efficiency and low LOD and LOQ values.
“The prepared nanofluid was characterized by strong magnetic and sorbing properties with provide to high extraction efficiency and low LOD and LOQ values [136].”
From Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques–A review (2020) · cites this paper as [136]
Zarei et al. prepared a stable nanofluid composed of ChCl and Resorcinol (1:2) and magnetic MWCNTs for extraction of nitroaromatic compounds from water samples.
“Zarei et al. prepared stable nanofluid composed of ChCl and Resorcinol (1:2) and magnetic MWCNTs for the extraction of nitroaromatic compounds from water samples.”
From Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques–A review (2020) · cites this paper as [136]
Zarei et al. reported that the most compatible DES for extraction of ultra-trace nitroaromatic explosives in wastewater was ChCl:Resorcinol (1:2 molar ratio).
“Out of the four DESs, the one that was the most compatible for this work was ChCl:Resorcinol (1:2 molar ratio).”
From Microextraction Techniques with Deep Eutectic Solvents (2020) · cites this paper as [71]
Combining SBSDME with a new ferrofluid based on 1:2 ChCl and resorcinol achieved a lower LOD of 0.22e4.92 ng/L for nitroaromatic explosives.
“With the combination of the SBSDME and the new FF, a lower LOD was achieved (i.e., 0.22e4.92ng L À1 ).”
From Magnetic deep eutectic solvents in microextraction techniques (2022) · cites this paper as [79]
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- Authors
- Zarei, A. R., Nedaei, M., & Ghorbanian, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Malek Ashtar University of Technology (IR)
- University of Tehran (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Zarei, Ali Reza
- Venue
- Journal of Separation Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-11-03
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 4757-4764
- ISSN
- 1615-9306 (ISSN-L)
- 1615-9314
- OpenAlex
- W2763354007
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Separation Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Analytical chemistry methods development
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Analytical Chemistry and Chromatography
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Radioactive element chemistry and processing
- Keywords
- deep eutectic solvents, magnetic nanofluids, nitroaromatic explosives, wastewater analysis, magnetic carbon nanotubes, preconcentration
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