Natural landscape performance: environmental restorativeness and its influence on tourist behavior
Abstract
This study uses environmental psychology theory to explore creative natural landscape performance (NLP), a form of tourism performing arts that combines natural beauty and cultural resources. Tourists who had experienced an NLP during the previous 2 years were surveyed, and 408 valid responses were collected through this online survey. The findings indicate that the natural setting of NLPs possesses the key characteristics of restorative environments. Further, the five dimensions of a restorative environment positively affect favorable emotions (i.e., happy, excited, relaxed) in the order of compatibility, being away, fascination, scope, and coherence of the performance. Positive emotions have a positive and substantial influence on the quality of the experience and its perceived flow. Additionally, quality of experience and perceived flow has direct and positive impacts on loyalty. Therefore, this study suggests utilizing and improving natural environments' restorative qualities to enhance NLPs for tourists and foster destination loyalty based on this.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Highly restorative environments, such as natural landscapes, quiet parks or comfortable leisure areas, can effectively relieve individual fatigue and stress and promote emotional recovery.
“Highly restorative environments, such as natural landscapes, quiet parks or comfortable leisure areas, can effectively relieve individual fatigue and stress and promote emotional recovery (Chen et al., 2024).”
From A study on the influence of rural tourism’s perceived destination restorative qualities on loyalty based on SOR model (2025) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2024
Cites
Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/002224378101800104 · Cited by 109,190 · see citing works
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411 · Cited by 41,941 · see citing works
Hanrahan, G. (2008) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420067972-10 · Cited by 8,196 · see citing works
The restorative benefits of nature: toward an integrative framework
Kaplan, S. (1995) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/0272-4944(95)90001-2 · Cited by 6,923 · see citing works
Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-Mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations
Hoffman, D. L., & Novak, T. P. (1996) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251841 · Cited by 5,612 · see citing works
Handbook of Competence and Motivation
Elliot, A. J., & Dweck, C. S. (2013) · Cited by 4,671 · see citing works
The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature.
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x · Cited by 2,535 · see citing works
Measuring Experience Economy Concepts: Tourism Applications
Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287507304039 · Cited by 1,880 · see citing works
Research on attention networks as a model for the integration of psychological science.
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085516 · Cited by 1,569 · see citing works
Exposure to restorative environments helps restore attentional capacity
Berto, R. (2005) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2005.07.001 · Cited by 1,197 · see citing works
Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model
del Bosque, I. R., & Martín, H. S. (2008) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Grahn, P., & Stigsdotter, U. A. (2003) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1078/1618-8667-00019 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
The benefits of nature experience: Improved affect and cognition
Bratman, G. N., Daily, G. C., Levy, B. J., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.005 · Cited by 939 · see citing works
A measure of restorative quality in environments.
Hartig, T., Korpela, K., Evans, G. W., & Gärling, T. (1997) · Scandinavian Housing and Planning Research · doi:10.1080/02815739708730435 · Cited by 916 · see citing works
Assessing flow in physical activity: the Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2
Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.24.2.133 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Tourism: Change, Impacts and Opportunities
Wall, G. C., & Mathieson, A. (2007) · Cited by 756 · see citing works
Testing the Dimensionality of Place Attachment in Recreational Settings
Kyle, G. T., Graefe, A. R., & Manning, R. E. (2005) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916504269654 · Cited by 729 · see citing works
Measuring Service Quality in the Travel and Tourism Industry
Fick, G. R., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (1991) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/004728759103000201 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Kjellgren, A., & Buhrkall, H. (2010) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2010.01.011 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Understanding and meeting the challenges of consumer/tourist experience research
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Hudson, S. (2009) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.721 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Where to take a study break on the college campus: An attention restoration theory perspective
Felsten, G. (2008) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.11.006 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Examining the Mediating Role of Experience Quality in a Model of Tourist Experiences
Cole, S. T., & Scott, D. R. M. (2004) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1300/j073v16n01_08 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Perceived value and flow experience: Application in a nature-based tourism context
Kim, M., & Thapa, B. (2017) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2017.08.002 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Kim, S., Holland, S., & Han, H. (2012) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.1877 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Chang, K. (2012) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2012.739189 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Theoretical examination of destination loyalty formation
Gürsoy, D., Chen, J. S., & Chi, C. G.-Q. (2014) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-12-2013-0539 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Wu, C. H.-J., & Liang, R.-D. (2011) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.001 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Place attachment through sensory-rich, emotion-generating place experiences in rural tourism
Kastenholz, E., Marques, C. P., & Carneiro, M. J. (2020) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100455 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Lee, S., Lee, N., Lee, T. J., & Hyun, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2023.2175836 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Breitsohl, J., & Garrod, B. (2015) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2015.11.004 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Mental health benefits of outdoor adventures: results from two pilot studies
Mutz, M., & Müller, J. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.03.009 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Marselle, M. R., Irvine, K. N., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., & Warber, S. L. (2016) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.008 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Xiao-hua, C., Hyun, S. S., & Lee, T. J. (2022) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2522 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Assessing the perceived restorative qualities of vacation destinations
Lehto, X. Y. (2013) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287512461567 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Ivarsson, C. T., & Hagerhall, C. M. P. (2008) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2008.01.001 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Nature's broken path to restoration. A critical look at Attention Restoration Theory
Joye, Y., & Dewitte, S. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.08.006 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
More than sense of place? Exploring the emotional dimension of rural tourism experiences
Jepson, D., & Sharpley, R. (2014) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2014.953543 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Evaluating the relaxation effects of emerging forest-therapy tourism: A multidisciplinary approach
Ohe, Y., Ikei, H., Song, C., & Miyazaki, Y. (2017) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2017.04.010 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Absorption: How Nature Experiences Promote Awe and Other Positive Emotions
Ballew, M. T., & Omoto, A. M. (2018) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2017.0044 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Marketing mix factors and a business development model for street food tourism
Praesri, S., Meekun, K., Lee, T. J., & Hyun, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.06.007 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Dedeoğlu, B. B. (2018) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2018.11.006 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Engaging with restorative environments in wellness tourism
Backman, S. J., Huang, Y.-C., Chen, C.-C., Lee, H.-Y., & Cheng, J.-S. (2023) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2022.2039100 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Wöran, B., & Arnberger, A. (2012) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2012.652502 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Effect of environmental conditions on perceived psychological restorativeness of coastal parks
Hipp, J. A., & Ogunseitan, O. A. (2011) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.08.008 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Development of the PRCQ: A measure of perceived restorative characteristics of zoo attractions
Pals, R., Steg, L., Siero, F. W., & van der Zee, K. I. (2009) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.08.005 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Zhang, Q., & Xu, H. (2020) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100429 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Xiao-hua, C., Lee, T. J., & Hyun, S. S. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.03.003 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A dose of nature and shopping: The restorative potential of biophilic lifestyle center designs
Rosenbaum, M. S., Ramírez, G. C., & Camino, J. E. R. (2017) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.08.018 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Schlesinger, W., Cervera, A., & Cabañero, C. P. (2020) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100699 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Zheng, D., Ritchie, B. W., Benckendorff, P. J., & Bao, J. (2019) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2019.1662029 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cognitive benefits of walking in natural versus built environments
Bailey, A. W., Allen, G., Herndon, J., & Demastus, C. (2018) · World Leisure Journal · doi:10.1080/16078055.2018.1445025 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Lee, Y., Lee, C., Choi, J., Yoon, S., & Hart, R. J. (2014) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2013.871018 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Hosany, S., Hunter‐Jones, P., & McCabe, S. (2020) · Journal of Destination Marketing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100444 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Emotions' Impact On Tourists' Satisfaction with Ski Resorts: The Mediating Role of Perceived Value
Bonnefoy-Claudet, L., & Ghantous, N. (2013) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2013.810999 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lever, M. W., Elliot, S., & Joppe, M. (2022) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667221109270 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
When gambling is healthy: the restorative potential of casinos
Rosenbaum, M. S., & Wong, I. A. (2015) · Journal of Services Marketing · doi:10.1108/jsm-01-2015-0025 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-congruity and flow as antecedents of attitude and loyalty towards a theme park brand
Fu, X., Kang, J., & Tasci, A. D. A. (2017) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2017.1343704 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Joo, D., Cho, H., Woosnam, K. M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1849237 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationIndoor and Outdoor Activities of Aged Women and Men as Related to Depression and Well-Being
Lomranz, J., Bergman, S., Eyal, N., & Shmotkin, D. (1988) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.2190/qpew-n6qx-fwde-la7e · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Zheng, D., Ritchie, B. W., & Benckendorff, P. J. (2020) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2020.1732881 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Perceived Restorativeness of Visits to Cultural Heritage Sites
Cho, K.-S., Um, S.-H., & Lee, T. J. (2016) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2015.1107110 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, G., Huang, S. (., & Zhang, D. (2017) · Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing · doi:10.1080/10548408.2017.1298494 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Aesthetic and Restorative Qualities of Vacation Destinations: How are They Related?
Kirillova, K. A., & Lehto, X. Y. (2016) · Tourism Analysis · doi:10.3727/108354216x14653218477651 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lehto, X., Kirillova, K., Li, H., & Wu, W. (2017) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2016.1250794 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Chang, Y., Wann, D. L. L., & Inoue, Y. (2018) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.2017-0249 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Clark, C., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2020) · Journal of Sustainable Tourism · doi:10.1080/09669582.2020.1801698 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Implications of attention restoration theory for leisure planners and managers
Stack, K., & Shultis, J. D. (2013) · Leisure/Loisir · doi:10.1080/14927713.2013.776747 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vigolo, V., Bonfanti, A., & Brunetti, F. (2019) · Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0899764019861744 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chatzigeorgiou, C., & Simeli, I. (2017) · Munich Personal RePEc Archive (Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.401375 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The role of environmental knowledge and interest on perceived value and satisfaction
Tkaczynski, A., Xie, J., & Rundle-Thiele, S. R. (2022) · Journal Of Vacation Marketing · doi:10.1177/13567667221099953 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Mo, J., & Yun-xin, F. (2017) · Journal of Service Science and Management · doi:10.4236/jssm.2017.104030 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Susanna, K. J., & Do-Young, K. (2015) · Korean Journal of Hospitality and Tourism(KJHT) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Zhu, N., Xu, H., Zhang, X., & Chen, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1529686 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Many studies have used Attention Restoration Theory (ART) to explain the influence of tourists’ perceived destination restorative qualities on their mental state and behavioral intention (Kim et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2024).”
Influential
- Authors
- Chen, X., Lee, G., & Joo, D.
- Affiliations
- School of Culture and Tourism Henan University Kaifeng China
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Venue
- International Journal of Tourism Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-03
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 1099-2340 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1970
- OpenAlex
- W4392888433
- Semantic Scholar
- 5b14725db84b9c1e3eccba9a9abb89c91e8bb4fe
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 22.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Tourism Research (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Henan Office of Philosophy and Social Science (2023BYS003)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- tourist behavior, restorative environments, positive emotions, quality of experience, tourist loyalty, natural beauty, cultural resources
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review