CPTSD is a distinct entity: Comment on Resick et al. (2012)
Abstract
The concept of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (CPTSD) is both conceptually and clinically useful. This distinct entity is highly prevalent, across different cultures, in survivors of prolonged, repeated trauma. Recognition of this entity as part of the spectrum of traumatic disorders would promote development of effective treatment.
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Prior to the availability of the new diagnostic category, individuals with complex PTSD were likely to be diagnosed with PTSD along with one or more co-occurring disorders, according to clinical reports.
“Although no systematic data have been published, clinical reports indicate that, prior to the availability of the new diagnostic category, individuals with complex PTSD were likely to be diagnosed with PTSD along with one or more co-occurring disorders, in an attempt to account for the full range of presenting symptoms 45 .”
Cites
Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society.
Kessler, R. C. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 1,443 · see citing works
Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma
van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20047 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Emotion Modulation in PTSD: Clinical and Neurobiological Evidence for a Dissociative Subtype
Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E., Loewenstein, R. J., Brand, B., Schmahl, C., Bremner, J. D., & Spiegel, D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081168 · Cited by 1,123 · cited 2× · see citing works
“A number of recent studies develop the concept of a dissociative “subtype” of PTSD (Ginzburg et al., 2006; Lanius et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSchnurr, P. P., Friedman, M. J., Engel, C. C., Foa, E. B., Shea, M. T., Chow, B. K., Resick, P. A., Thurston, V., Orsillo, S. M., Haug, R., et al. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.820 · Cited by 813 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Treatments proven to be effective for PTSD alone may be inadequate, or possibly even harmful, for CPTSD (Ford & Kidd, 1998; Hembree, Street, Riggs, & Foa, 2004; McDonough et al., 2005; Schnurr et al. 2007).”
BackgroundTreatment for PTSD Related to Childhood Abuse: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Cloitre, M., Stovall-McClough, K. C., Nooner, K., Zorbas, P., Cherry, S., Jackson, C. L., Gan, W., & Petkova, E. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247 · Cited by 642 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…study provides strong evidence that a staged treatment, one that addresses CPTSD symptoms of affect dysregulation and problems in interpersonal relationships before engaging in trauma-focused exposure, proves more effective in sequence than either component separately (Cloitre et al, 2010).”
BackgroundThe cross-cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: implications for DSM-5
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20753 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
Cloitre, M., Miranda, R., Stovall-McClough, K. C., & Han, H. (2005) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(05)80060-7 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
McDonagh, A., Friedman, M. J., McHugo, G. J., Ford, J. D., Sengupta, A., Mueser, K. T., Demment, C. C., Fournier, D. A., Schnurr, P. P., & Descamps, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.515 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
A critical evaluation of the complex PTSD literature: Implications for <i>DSM‐5</i>
Resick, P. A., Bovin, M. J., Calloway, A. L., Dick, A. M., King, M. W., Mitchell, K. S., Suvak, M. K., Wells, S. Y., Stirman, S. W., & Wolf, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21699 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Lavasani, F., & Kidd, P. (1998) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/a:1024497400891 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The long-term sequelae of sexual abuse: Support for a complex posttraumatic stress disorder
Zlotnick, C., Zakriski, A. L., Shea, M. T., Costello, E., Begin, A., Pearlstein, T. B., & Simpson, E. B. (1996) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02110655 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
DESNOS in three postconflict settings: Assessing cross-cultural construct equivalence
de Jong, J. T. V. M., Komproe, I. H., Spinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B. A., & van Ommeren, M. (2005) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20005 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Ginzburg, K., Koopman, C., Butler, L. D., Palesh, O., Kraemer, H. C., Classen, C. C., & Spiegel, D. (2006) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v07n02_02 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lavasani, F., & Smith, S. F. (2008) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066350701615078 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Do Assault-Related Variables Predict Response to Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for PTSD?
Hembree, E. A., Street, G. P., Riggs, D. S., & Foa, E. B. (2004) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.72.3.531 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Complexity of Complex PTSD
Bryant, R. A. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10040606 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Introduction to the special feature on complex PTSD
Weiss, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21711 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., & Friedman, M. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614545480 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Spinazzola, J., van der Kolk, B., & Ford, J. D. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22320 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Complex PTSD, affect dysregulation, and borderline personality disorder
Ford, J. D., & Courtois, C. A. (2014) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/2051-6673-1-9 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Reed, G. M., First, M. B., Billieux, J., Cloitre, M., Briken, P., Achab, S., Brewin, C. R., King, D. L., Kraus, S. W., & Bryant, R. A. (2022) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20960 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Noll, J. G. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-112621 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
van Dijke, A., Hopman, J. A. B., & Ford, J. D. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2017.1400878 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Complex PTSD – a better description for borderline personality disorder?
Kulkarni, J. (2017) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856217700284 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ford, J. D. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1708145 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Introduction to the special feature on complex PTSD
Weiss, D. S. (2012) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21711 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Herman, J.
- Affiliations
- Cambridge Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Herman, Judith
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 256-257
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6598
- OpenAlex
- W1998888171
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- complex PTSD, repetitive trauma, diagnostic validity, prevalence, treatment development
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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