CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,141Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsNeurological disorders and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment Research

The Movement Disorder Society Evidence‐Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the non‐motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Open access
Seppi, Klaus, Weintraub, Daniel, Coelho, Miguel, Perez‐Lloret, Santiago, Fox, Susan H., Katzenschlager, Regina, Hametner, Eva‐Maria, Poewe, Werner +3 more·2011·Movement Disorders
DOI 10.1002/mds.23884PMC PMC4020145
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Movement Disorder Society (MDS) Task Force on Evidence‐Based Medicine (EBM) Review of Treatments for Parkinson's Disease (PD) was first published in 2002 and was updated in 2005 to cover clinical trial data up to January 2004 with the focus on motor symptoms of PD. In this revised version the MDS task force decided it was necessary to extend the review to non‐motor symptoms. The objective of this work was to update previous EBM reviews on treatments for PD with a focus on non‐motor symptoms. Level‐I (randomized controlled trial, RCT) reports of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for the non‐motor symptoms of PD, published as full articles in English between January 2002 and December 2010 were reviewed. Criteria for inclusion and ranking followed the original program outline and adhered to EBM methodology. For efficacy conclusions, treatments were designated: efficacious , likely efficacious , unlikely efficacious , non‐efficacious , or insufficient evidence . Safety data were catalogued and reviewed. Based on the combined efficacy and safety assessment, Implications for clinical practice were determined using the following designations: clinically useful , possibly useful , investigational , unlikely useful , and not useful . Fifty‐four new studies qualified for efficacy review while several other studies covered safety issues. Updated and new efficacy conclusions were made for all indications. The treatments that are efficacious for the management of the different non‐motor symptoms are as follows: pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms, clozapine for the treatment of psychosis, rivastigmine for the treatment of dementia, and botulinum toxin A (BTX‐A) and BTX‐B as well as glycopyrrolate for the treatment of sialorrhea. The practical implications for these treatments, except for glycopyrrolate, are that they are clinically useful. Since there is insufficient evidence of glycopyrrolate for the treatment of sialorrhea exceeding 1 week, the practice implication is that it is possibly useful. The treatments that are likely efficacious for the management of the different non‐motor symptoms are as follows: the tricyclic antidepressants nortriptyline and desipramine for the treatment of depression or depressive symptoms and macrogol for the treatment of constipation. The practice implications for these treatments are possibly useful. For most of the other interventions there is insufficient evidence to make adequate conclusions on their efficacy. This includes the tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline, all selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) reviewed (paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline, and fluoxetine), the newer antidepressants atomoxetine and nefazodone, pergolide, Ω‐3 fatty acids as well as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for the treatment of depression or depressive symptoms; methylphenidate and modafinil for the treatment of fatigue; amantadine for the treatment of pathological gambling; donepezil, galantamine, and memantine for the treatment of dementia; quetiapine for the treatment of psychosis; fludrocortisone and domperidone for the treatment of orthostatic hypotension; sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, ipratropium bromide spray for the treatment of sialorrhea; levodopa/carbidopa controlled release (CR), pergolide, eszopiclone, melatonin 3 to 5 mg and melatonin 50 mg for the treatment of insomnia and modafinil for the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness. Due to safety issues the practice implication is that pergolide and nefazodone are not useful for the above‐mentioned indications. Due to safety issues, olanzapine remains not useful for the treatment of psychosis. As none of the studies exceeded a duration of 6 months, the recommendations given are for the short‐term management of the different non‐motor symptoms. There were no RCTs that met inclusion criteria for the treatment of anxiety disorders, apathy, medication‐related impulse control disorders and related behaviors other than pathological gambling, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD), sweating, or urinary dysfunction. Therefore, there is insufficient evidence for the treatment of these indications. This EBM review of interventions for the non‐motor symptoms of PD updates the field, but, because several RCTs are ongoing, a continual updating process is needed. Several interventions and indications still lack good quality evidence, and these gaps offer an opportunity for ongoing research. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/mds.23884

Cites

14 of 14 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Sialorrhea in Parkinson disease can be managed pharmacologically with anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate or scopolamine, although these medications can have negative effects on other aspects of gastrointestinal function; alternatively, botulinum toxin injections can be very effective and are less likely to have negative systemic effects.

    “Sialorrhea can be managed pharmacologically with anticholinergics such as glycopyrrolate or scopolamine, although these medications can have negative effects on other aspects of gastrointestinal function; alternatively, botulinum toxin injections can be very effective and are less likely to have negative systemic effects (Seppi et al., 2011).”

    From Autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal manifestations with an emphasis on gastric dysfunction (2026) · cites this paper as Seppi et al., 2011

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 103

  1. [1]Lim SY Lang AE The nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease—an overview Mov Disord 2010 25 Suppl 1 S123 S130 20187234
  2. [2]Poewe W The natural history of Parkinson's disease J Neurol 2006 253 Suppl 7 VII2 VII6 17131223
  3. [5]Goetz C Koller W Poewe W Management of Parkinson's disease: an evidence-based review Mov Disord 2002 17 Suppl 4 1 166 12211134
  4. [6]Goetz C Poewe W Rascol O Sampaio C Evidence-based medical review update: pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001 to 2004 Mov Disord 2005 20 523 539 15818599
  5. [7]Antonini A Tesei S Zecchinelli A Randomized study of sertraline and low-dose amitriptyline in patients with Parkinson's disease and depression: effect on quality of life Mov Disord 2006 21 1119 1122 16637039
  6. [8]Barone P Scarzella L Marconi R Pramipexole versus sertraline in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicenter parallel-group randomized study J Neurol 2006 253 601 607 16607468
  7. [10]Devos D Dujardin K Poirot I Comparison of desipramine and citalopram treatments for depression in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study Mov Disord 2008 23 850 857 18311826
  8. [11]Leentjens A Vreeling F Luijckx G Verhey F SSRIs in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003 18 552 554 12789682
  9. [13]Avila A Cardona X Martin-Baranera M Maho P Sastre F Bello J Does nefazodone improve both depression and Parkinson disease? A pilot randomized trial J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003 23 509 513 14520130
  10. [14]Fregni F Santos C Myczkowski M Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as fluoxetine in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004 75 1171 1174 15258224 PMC1739189
  11. [15]Menza M Dobkin R Marin H A controlled trial of antidepressants in patients with Parkinson disease and depression Neurology 2009 72 886 892 19092112 PMC2677475
  12. [16]Rektorová I Rektor I Bares M Pramipexole and pergolide in the treatment of depression in Parkinson's disease: a national multicentre prospective randomized study Eur J Neurol 2003 10 399 406 12823492
  13. [17]Pal E Nagy F Aschermann Z Balazs E Kovacs N The impact of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Mov Disord 2010 25 2311 2317 20740485
  14. [18]Barone P Poewe W Albrecht S Pramipexole for the treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet Neurol 2010 9 573 580 20452823
  15. [19]Weintraub D Mavandadi S Mamikonyan E Atomoxetine for depression and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson disease Neurology 2010 75 448 455 20679638 PMC2918470
  16. [20]Witjas T Kaphan E Azulay JP Nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease: frequent and disabling Neurology 2002 59 408 413 12177375
  17. [22]Jouvent R Abensour P Bonnet AM Widlocher D Agid Y Lhermitte F Antiparkinsonian and antidepressant effects of high doses of bromocriptine. An independent comparison J Affect Disord 1983 5 141 145 6222093
  18. [23]Serrano-Duenas M A comparison between low doses of amitriptyline and low doses of fluoxetin used in the control of depression in patients suffering from Parkinson's disease Rev Neurol 2002 35 1010 1014 Spanish 12497304
  19. [24]Richard IH Kurlan R A survey of antidepressant drug use in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group Neurology 1997 49 1168 1170 9339713
  20. [26]Ceravolo R Nuti A Piccinni A Paroxetine in Parkinson's disease: effects on motor and depressive symptoms Neurology 2000 55 1216 1218 11071504
  21. [27]Leo RJ Movement disorders associated with the serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors J Clin Psychiatry 1996 57 449 454 8909330
  22. [28]Richard IH Kurlan R Tanner C Serotonin syndrome and the combined use of deprenyl and an antidepressant in Parkinson's disease. Parkinson Study Group Neurology 1997 48 1070 1077 9109902
  23. [29]Jacob S Spinler SA Hyponatremia associated with selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in older adults Ann Pharmacother 2006 40 1618 1622 16896026
  24. [31]Sproesser E Viana M Quagliato E de Souza E The effect of psychotherapy in patients with PD: a controlled study Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010 16 298 300 19864172
  25. [32]Mendonça D Menezes K Jog M Methylphenidate improves fatigue scores in Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial Mov Disord 2007 22 2070 2076 17674415
  26. [33]Lou J Dimitrova D Park B Using modafinil to treat fatigue in Parkinson disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study Clin Neuropharmacol 2009 32 305 310 19620846
  27. [34]Tyne H Taylor J Baker G Steiger M Modafinil for Parkinson's disease fatigue J Neurol 2010 257 452 456 19842011
  28. [35]Llana ME Crismon ML Methylphenidate: increased abuse or appropriate use? J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1999 39 526 530 10467818
  29. [36]Dafny N Yang PB The role of age, genotype, sex, and route of acute and chronic administration of methylphenidate: a review of its locomotor effects Brain Res Bull 2006 68 393 405 16459193
  30. [37]Dolder CR Davis LN McKinsey J Use of psychostimulants in patients with dementia Ann Pharmacother 2010 44 1624 1632 20736422
  31. [39]Thomas A Bonanni L Gambi F Di Iorio A Onofrj M Pathological gambling in Parkinson disease is reduced by amantadine Ann Neurol 2010 68 400 404 20687121
  32. [40]Kubo S Iwatake A Ebihara N Murakami A Hattori N Visual impairment in Parkinson's disease treated with amantadine: case report and review of the literature Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2008 14 166 169 17509924
  33. [41]Weintraub D Sohr M Potenza MN Amantadine use associated with impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease in cross-sectional study Ann Neurol 2010 68 963 968 21154480
  34. [42]Aarsland D Laake K Larsen J Janvin C Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomised controlled study J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002 72 708 712 12023410 PMC1737925
  35. [43]Ravina B Putt M Siderowf A Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 76 934 939 15965198 PMC1739697
  36. [44]Leroi I Brandt J Reich S Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2004 19 1 8 14716693
  37. [45]Emre M Aarsland D Albanese A Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease N Engl J Med 2004 351 2509 2518 15590953
  38. [46]Litvinenko I Odinak M Mogil'naya V Emelin A Efficacy and safety of galantamine (reminyl) for dementia in patients with Parkinson's disease (an open controlled trial) Neurosci Behav Physiol 2008 38 937 945 18975103
  39. [47]Leroi I Overshott R Byrne E Daniel E Burns A Randomized controlled trial of memantine in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2009 24 1217 1221 19370737
  40. [48]Aarsland D Ballard C Walker Z Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial Lancet Neurol 2009 8 613 618 19520613
  41. [49]Emre M Tsolaki M Bonuccelli U Memantine for patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet Neurol 2010 9 969 977 20729148
  42. [50]McShane R Areosa Sastre A Minakaran N Memantine for dementia Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 CD003154 16625572
  43. [51]Factor S Friedman J Lannon M Oakes D Bourgeois K Group PS Clozapine for the treatment of drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: results of the 12 week open label extension in the PSYCLOPS trial Mov Disord 2001 16 135 139 11215574
  44. [52]Pollak P Tison F Rascol O Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, placebo controlled study with open follow up J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004 75 689 695 15090561 PMC1763590
  45. [53]Morgante L Epifanio A Spina E Quetiapine and clozapine in parkinsonian patients with dopaminergic psychosis Clin Neuropharmacol 2004 27 153 156 15319699
  46. [54]Merims D Balas M Peretz C Shabtai H Giladi N Rater-blinded, prospective comparison: quetiapine versus clozapine for Parkinson's disease psychosis Clin Neuropharmacol 2006 29 331 337 17095896
  47. [55]Honigfeld G Arellano F Sethi J Bianchini A Schein J Reducing clozapine-related morbidity and mortality: 5 years of experience with the Clozaril National Registry J Clin Psychiatry 1998 59 Suppl 3 3 7 9541331
  48. [56]Breier A Sutton V Feldman P Olanzapine in the treatment of dopamimetic-induced psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease Biol Psychiatry 2002 52 438 445 12242060
  49. [57]Ondo W Levy J Vuong K Hunter C Jankovic J Olanzapine treatment for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations Mov Disord 2002 17 1031 1035 12360554
  50. [58]Trifiro G Spina E Gambassi G Use of antipsychotics in elderly patients with dementia: do atypical and conventional agents have a similar safety profile? Pharmacol Res 2009 59 1 12 18977443
  51. [59]Bullock R Treatment of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia: implications of recent safety warnings Curr Med Res Opin 2005 21 1 10 15881470
  52. [60]Ondo W Tintner R Voung K Lai D Ringholz G Double-blind, placebo-controlled, unforced titration parallel trial of quetiapine for dopaminergic-induced hallucinations in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2005 20 958 963 15800937
  53. [61]Rabey J Prokhorov T Miniovitz A Dobronevsky E Klein C Effect of quetiapine in psychotic Parkinson's disease patients: a double-blind labeled study of 3 months' duration Mov Disord 2007 22 313 318 17034006
  54. [62]Shotbolt P Samuel M Fox C David A A randomized controlled trial of quetiapine for psychosis in Parkinson's disease Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2009 5 327 332 19557142 PMC2699657
  55. [63]Fernandez HH Okun MS Rodriguez RL Quetiapine improves visual hallucinations in Parkinson disease but not through normalization of sleep architecture: results from a double-blind clinical-polysomnography study Int J Neurosci 2009 119 2196 2205 19916848
  56. [64]Stephani C Trenkwalder C Rhabdomyolysis after low-dose quetiapine in a patient with Parkinson's disease with drug-induced psychosis: a case report Mov Disord 2010 25 782 783 20198646
  57. [65]Fernandez HH Trieschmann ME Burke MA Jacques C Friedman JH Long-term outcome of quetiapine use for psychosis among Parkinsonian patients Mov Disord 2003 18 510 514 12722164
  58. [66]Reddy S Factor SA Molho ES Feustel PJ The effect of quetiapine on psychosis and motor function in parkinsonian patients with and without dementia Mov Disord 2002 17 676 681 12210856
  59. [67]Schoffer K Henderson R O'Maley K O'sullivan J Nonpharma-cological treatment, fludrocortisone, and domperidone for orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2007 22 1543 1549 17557339
  60. [69]Hussain I Brady C Swinn M Mathias C Fowler C Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001 71 371 374 11511713 PMC1737541
  61. [70]Safarinejad MR Taghva A Shekarchi B Safarinejad S Safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in the treatment of Parkinsonemergent erectile dysfunction: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study Int J Impot Res 2010 22 325 335 20861846
  62. [71]Briganti A Salonia A Gallina A Drug Insight: oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction Nat Clin Pract Urol 2005 2 239 247 16474835
  63. [72]Sullivan K Staffetti J Hauser R Dunne P Zesiewicz T Tegaserod (Zelnorm) for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2006 21 115 116 16142776
  64. [74]Lee-Robichaud H Thomas K Morgan J Nelson RL Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 CD007570 20614462 PMC13378879
  65. [75]Dogu O Apaydin D Sevim S Talas D Aral M Ultrasound-guided versus ‘blind’ intraparotid injections of botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of sialorrhoea in patients with Parkinson's disease Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004 106 93 96 15003297
  66. [76]Kalf J Smit A Bloem B Zwarts M Mulleners W Munneke M Botulinum toxin A for drooling in Parkinson's disease: a pilot study to compare submandibular to parotid gland injections Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2007 13 532 534 17383926
  67. [77]Lagalla G Millevolte M Capecci M Provinciali L Ceravolo M Botulinum toxin type A for drooling in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study Mov Disord 2006 21 704 707 16440332
  68. [78]Steinlechner S Klein C Moser A Lencer R Hagenah J Botulinum toxin B as an effective and safe treatment for neuroleptic-induced sialorrhea Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010 207 593 597 19823807
  69. [79]Thomsen T Galpern W Asante A Arenovich T Fox S Ipratropium bromide spray as treatment for sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2007 22 2268 2273 17876852
  70. [80]Arbouw M Movig K Koopmann M Glycopyrrolate for sialorrhea in Parkinson disease: a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial Neurology 2010 74 1203 1207 20385892
  71. [81]Gross NJ Anticholinergic agents in asthma and COPD Eur J Pharmacol 2006 533 36 39 16488410
  72. [82]Hockstein NG Samadi DS Gendron K Handler SD Sialorrhea: a management challenge Am Fam Physician 2004 69 2628 2634 15202698
  73. [83]Blasco PA Stansbury JC Glycopyrrolate treatment of chronic drooling Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1996 150 932 935 8790123
  74. [84]Ondo W Hunter C Moore W A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of botulinum toxin B for sialorrhea in Parkinson's disease Neurology 2004 62 37 40 14718694
  75. [85]Lagalla G Millevolte M Capecci M Provinciali L Ceravolo M Long-lasting benefits of botulinum toxin type B in Parkinson's disease-related drooling J Neurol 2009 256 563 567 19401804
  76. [86]Mancini F Zangaglia R Cristina S Double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of drooling in parkinsonism Mov Disord 2003 18 685 688 12784273
  77. [87]Lipp A Trottenberg T Schink T Kupsch A Arnold G A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling Neurology 2003 61 1279 1281 14610139
  78. [88]Stocchi F Barbato L Nordera G Berardelli A Ruggieri S Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease J Neurol 1998 245 Suppl 1 S15 S18 9617717
  79. [89]Comella C Morrissey M Janko K Nocturnal activity with nighttime pergolide in Parkinson disease: a controlled study using actigraphy Neurology 2005 64 1450 1451 15851743
  80. [90]Menza M Dobkin RD Marin H Treatment of insomnia in Parkinson's disease: a controlled trial of eszopiclone and placebo Mov Disord 2010 25 1708 1714 20589875 PMC2928867
  81. [91]Dowling G Mastick J Colling E Carter J Singer C Aminoff M Melatonin for sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease Sleep Med 2005 6 459 466 16084125
  82. [92]Medeiros C Carvalhedo de Bruin P Lopes L Magalha˜es M de Lourdes Seabra M de Bruin V Effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study J Neurol 2007 254 459 464 17404779
  83. [93]Trenkwalder C Kies B Rudzinska M Rotigotine effects on early morning motor function and sleep in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study (RECOVER) Mov Disord 2011 26 90 99 21322021 PMC3072524
  84. [94]Arias P Vivas J Grieve KL Cudeiro J Double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial on the effect of 10 days low-frequency rTMS over the vertex on sleep in Parkinson's disease Sleep Med 2010 11 759 765 20674489
  85. [95]McCrae CS Ross A Stripling A Dautovich ND Eszopiclone for late-life insomnia Clin Interv Aging 2007 2 313 326 18044182 PMC2685268
  86. [97]Buscemi N Vandermeer B Hooton N The efficacy and safety of exogenous melatonin for primary sleep disorders. A meta-analysis J Gen Intern Med 2005 20 1151 1158 16423108 PMC1490287
  87. [98]Buscemi N Vandermeer B Pandya R Melatonin for treatment of sleep disorders Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ) 2004 1 7 15635761 PMC4781368
  88. [99]Ho¨gl B Saletu M Brandauer E Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial Sleep 2002 25 905 909 12489899
  89. [100]Ondo W Fayle R Atassi F Jankovic J Modafinil for daytime somnolence in Parkinson's disease: double blind, placebo controlled parallel trial J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005 76 1636 1639 16291885 PMC1739456
  90. [101]Adler C Caviness J Hentz J Lind M Tiede J Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2003 18 287 293 12621632
  91. [104]Chaudhuri KR Prieto-Jurcynska C Naidu Y The nondeclaration of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease to health care professionals: an international study using the non-motor symptoms questionnaire Mov Disord 2010 25 697 701 20437539
  92. [106]Chaudhuri KR Martinez-Martin P Brown RG The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson's disease: results from an international pilot study Mov Disord 2007 22 1901 1911 17674410
  93. [107]Goetz CG Tilley BC Shaftman SR Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): scale presentation and clinimetric testing results Mov Disord 2008 23 2129 2170 19025984
  94. [108]Goetz CG Fahn S Martinez-Martin P Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): process, format, and clinimetric testing plan Mov Disord 2007 22 41 47 17115387
  95. [109]Lees AJ Smith E Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson's disease Brain 1983 106 Pt 2 257 270 6850270
  96. [110]Dubois B Burn D Goetz C Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: recommendations from the movement disorder society task force Mov Disord 2007 22 2314 2324 18098298
  97. [111]Troster AI Neuropsychological characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia: differentiation, early detection, and implications for “mild cognitive impairment” and biomarkers Neuropsychol Rev 2008 18 103 119 18322801
  98. [112]Dubois B Is PD-MCI a useful concept? Mov Disord 2007 22 1215 1216 17557344
  99. [113]Goetz CG Emre M Dubois B Parkinson's disease dementia: definitions, guidelines, and research perspectives in diagnosis Ann Neurol 2008 64 Suppl 2 S81 S92 19127578
  100. [114]Poewe W Psychosis in Parkinson's disease Mov Disord 2003 18 Suppl 6 S80 S87 14502660
  101. [116]Miyasaki JM Shannon K Voon V Practice parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology 2006 66 996 1002 16606910
  102. [117]Naumann M So Y Argoff CE Assessment: botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of autonomic disorders and pain (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology 2008 70 1707 1714 18458231
  103. [118]Zesiewicz TA Sullivan KL Arnulf I Practice parameter: treatment of nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson disease: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology Neurology 2010 74 924 931 20231670

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Seppi, K., Weintraub, D., Coelho, M., Perez‐Lloret, S., Fox, S. H., Katzenschlager, R., Hametner, E., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., Goetz, C. G., & Sampaio, C.
Affiliations
  • University of Lisbon (PT)
  • Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (US)
  • Hospital de Santa Maria (PT)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (FR)
  • Toronto Western Hospital (CA)
  • Innsbruck Medical University (AT)
  • Rush University Medical Center (US)
Corresponding author
  • Seppi, Klaus
  • Sampaio, Cristina
ORCID
Venue
Movement Disorders
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2011-10
Volume
26
Issue
S3
Pages
S42-80
ISSN
  • 0885-3185 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-8257
DOI
10.1002/mds.23884
PMC
PMC4020145
OpenAlex
W2047670437
Cited by
1,141
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 123 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 108 · 2014: 105 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 50
FWCI
11.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 20 d)
Locations
  • Movement Disorders (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P50NS053488)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Keywords
Parkinson's disease, non-motor symptoms, treatment efficacy, treatment safety, depression, psychosis, dementia, drooling, pramipexole, clozapine, rivastigmine, botulinum toxin, glycopyrrolate, tricyclic antidepressants, macrogol, constipation, sleep disorders, REM sleep behavior disorder
MeSH terms
Antiparkinson Agents, Autonomic Nervous System Diseases, Mental Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Psychotropic Drugs, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Evidence-Based Medicine, Mood Disorders, Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review