Prevalence of comorbid depression is high in out‐patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from three out‐patient clinics in the Netherlands

Pouwer, F.; Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M.; Tack, C. J.; Bazelmans, E.; Beekman, A.‐J.; Heine, R. J.; Snoek, F. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02903.x

Cited by 163Diabetes Management and EducationDiabetes Management and ResearchMental Health Treatment and Access

Prevalence of comorbid depression is high in out‐patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from three out‐patient clinics in the Netherlands

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Pouwer, F., Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., Tack, C. J., Bazelmans, E., Beekman, A.‐J., Heine, R. J., Snoek, F. J.·2010·Diabetic Medicine

DOI 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02903.x

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Abstract

Diabet. Med. 27, 217–224 (2010) Aims Depression is common in diabetes, but the scope of the problem and associated correlates are not well established in specialist diabetes care. We aimed to determine the prevalence of depression among adult outpatients with Type 1 (T1DM) or Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) using both self‐report measures and a diagnostic interview, and to establish demographic and clinical characteristics associated with depressive affect. Methods A random sample of 2055 diabetes out‐patients from three diabetes clinics was invited to participate. Depressive affect was assessed using the World Health Organization‐5 Well Being Index (WHO‐5), the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale (CESD) using predefined cut‐off scores, and depressive disorder with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Associations between depression and patient characteristics were explored using regression analyses. Results Seven hundred and seventy‐two patients completed the depression questionnaires. About one‐third of T1DM patients and 37–43% of T2DM patients reported depressive affect (WHO‐5). The prevalence of depressive affect (CESD) was 25% and 30% for men and women with T1DM, and 35% and 38% for men and women with T2DM, respectively. Based on the CIDI, 8% of T1DM patients (no gender difference) and 2% of men and 21% of women with T2DM suffered from a depressive disorder. Depressive affect was associated with poor glycaemic control and proliferative retinopathy in T1DM, while non‐Dutch descent, obesity and neuropathy were correlates in T2DM. Conclusions Depressive symptoms and major depressive disorder constitute a common comorbid problem among Dutch out‐patients with T1DM or T2DM and appear particularly common in migrants and women with T2DM.

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Sexual dysfunction was examined in one diagnostic interview study, which reported a prevalence of 24.00%.
“N = 1 study examined sexual dysfunction using a diagnostic interview [52] and reported a prevalence of 24.00%.”
From Prevalence of mental disorders in people living with type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Substance-related and addictive disorders were reported in 9 studies; 7 diagnostic interview studies reported prevalence from 0.00% to 34.67% and 2 register/medical record studies reported 0.92% and 2.16%.
“N = 9 [20,21,23,31,34,38,42,52,58] studies reported on the prevalence of substance-related and addictive disorders.Where specified, n = 5 reported alcohol-related, n = 1 was cannabis-related, n = 1 was tobacco-related, n = 1 was medication-related, and n = 1 not specified.N = 7 studies used diagnostic interviews and reported prevalence ranging from 0.00% to 34.67% and n = 2 studies used patient”
From Prevalence of mental disorders in people living with type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In people with type 1 diabetes, the pooled prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder based on interviews was 0.83% (95% CI 0.14-1.52) across 7 studies with a total sample size of 1218.
“| | 7 | Interviews | 1218 | 0.83 | 0.14-1.52 | 42.50% |”
From Prevalence of mental disorders in people living with type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In people with type 1 diabetes, the pooled prevalence of disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders based on interviews was 6.43% (95% CI 3.32-9.55) across 7 studies with a total sample size of 786.
“| | 7 | Interviews | 786 | 6.43 | 3.32-9.55 | 70.46% |”
From Prevalence of mental disorders in people living with type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
In people with type 1 diabetes, the pooled prevalence of disruptive, impulse-control and conduct disorders based on registers was 0.27% (95% CI 0.20-0.36) across 1 study with a total sample size of 17,122.
“| Type 1 diabetes [20,22,31,34,42,45,52,59] | 1 | Registers | 17,122 | 0.27 | 0.20-0.36 | N/A |”
From Prevalence of mental disorders in people living with type 1 diabetes: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [52]

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A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis to Examine the Prevalence of Co-Morbid Depression in People with Type 1 and Type 2 DiabetesPreprint
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Authors: Pouwer, F., Geelhoed‐Duijvestijn, P. H. L. M., Tack, C. J., Bazelmans, E., Beekman, A. ‐., Heine, R. J., & Snoek, F. J.
Affiliations: Tilburg University (NL)
Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Amsterdam Public Health (NL)
Corresponding author: Pouwer, F.
ORCID: Pouwer, F.
Tack, C. J.
Snoek, F. J.
Venue: Diabetic Medicine
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2010-02
Volume: 27
Issue: 2
Pages: 217-224
ISSN: 0742-3071 (ISSN-L)
1464-5491
DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02903.x
OpenAlex: W2108687005
Cited by: 163
References: 32
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 8.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
research.tilburguniversity.edu
Licence: other-oa
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Diabetic Medicine (publishedVersion)
Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, diabetes mellitus, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, prevalence, depressive symptoms, major depressive disorder, glycemic control, proliferative retinopathy, neuropathy, obesity, migrants, sex differences, diabetes outpatients
MeSH terms: Adult, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Self-Assessment, Sex Factors, Prevalence, Logistic Models

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Prevalence of comorbid depression is high in out‐patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from three out‐patient clinics in the Netherlands

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