Experimental Evidence on the Effect of Childhood Investments on Postsecondary Attainment and Degree Completion
Open accessAbstract
Abstract This paper examines the effect of early childhood investments on college enrollment and degree completion. We used the random assignment in Project STAR (the Tennessee Student/Teacher Achievement Ratio experiment) to estimate the effect of smaller classes in primary school on college entry, college choice, and degree completion. We improve on existing work in this area with unusually detailed data on college enrollment spells and the previously unexplored outcome of college degree completion. We found that assignment to a small class increases students’ probability of attending college by 2.7 percentage points, with effects more than twice as large among black students. Among students enrolled in the poorest third of schools, the effect is 7.3 percentage points. Smaller classes increased the likelihood of earning a college degree by 1.6 percentage points and shifted students toward high‐earning fields such as STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), business, and economics. We found that test‐score effects at the time of the experiment were an excellent predictor of long‐term improvements in postsecondary outcomes.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (1991) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2937954 · Cited by 2,565 · see citing works
Anderson, M. L. (2008) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/016214508000000841 · Cited by 2,410 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The Perry Preschool Program had no statistically significant effect on postsecondary outcomes (Anderson, 2008).”
Whither opportunity?: rising inequality, schools, and children's life chances
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.49-5804 · Cited by 1,745 · see citing works
How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project Star
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Hilger, N., Saez, E., Schanzenbach, D. W., & Yagan, D. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr041 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
Self-citationMeasurement Error in Survey Data
Bound, J., Brown, C., & Mathiowetz, N. A. (2001) · Handbook of econometrics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4412(01)05012-7 · Cited by 1,366 · see citing works
Carneiro, P. M., & Heckman, J. J. (2003) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.434544 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
(2005) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,313 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States
Lleras-Muney, A. (2005) · Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/0034-6527.00329 · Cited by 1,282 · see citing works
Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions
Krueger, A. B. (1999) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355399556052 · Cited by 1,120 · see citing works
Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions
Krueger, A. B. (1997) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w6051 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Does Head Start Improve Children's Life Chances? Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design
Ludwig, J., & Miller, D. L. (2007) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/qjec.122.1.159 · Cited by 978 · see citing works
Longer-Term Effects of Head Start
Garces, E., Thomas, D., & Currie, J. (2002) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/00028280260344560 · Cited by 964 · see citing works
Bettinger, E. P., Long, B. T., Oreopoulos, P., & Sanbonmatsu, L. (2012) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjs017 · Cited by 953 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Education and Adult Mortality in the United States
Lleras-Muney, A. (2002) · doi:10.3386/w8986 · Cited by 929 · see citing works
Are there civic returns to education?
Dee, T. S. (2004) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.11.002 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Crossing the Finish Line: Completing College at America's Public Universities
Bowen, W., Chingos, M. M., & Mcpherson, M. (2009) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400831463 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Ability sorting and the returns to college major
Arcidiacono, P. S. (2003) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.010 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
Does Aid Matter? Measuring the Effect of Student Aid on College Attendance and Completion
Dynarski, S. M. (2003) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282803321455287 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Self-citationCrossing the Finish Line: Completing College at America’s Public Universities
Bowen, W. G. (2018) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400888924-011 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Krueger, A. B., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2001) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00586 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Self-citationEarly Childhood Intervention and Life-Cycle Skill Development: Evidence from Head Start
Deming, D. (2009) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.1.3.111 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Bound, J., Lovenheim, M. F., & Turner, S. (2010) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.2.3.129 · Cited by 687 · see citing works
Answers and Questions About Class Size: A Statewide Experiment
Finn, J. D., & Achilles, C. M. (1990) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312027003557 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Dobbie, W., & Fryer, R. G. (2011) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.3.3.158 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement
Belley, P., & Lochner, L. (2007) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/524674 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Accountability and Flexibility in Public Schools: Evidence from Boston's Charters And Pilots
Abdulkadiroğlu, A., Angrist, J. D., Dynarski, S., Kane, T. J., & Pathak, P. A. (2011) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjr017 · Cited by 498 · see citing works
Self-citationIntegrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).
Broyles, S. G. (1994) · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Long-Term Effects of Class Size *
Fredriksson, P., Öckert, B., & Oosterbeek, H. (2012) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjs048 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Charter Schools in New York City: Who Enrolls and How They Affect Their Students' Achievement
Hoxby, C., & Murarka, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14852 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Bound, J., Lovenheim, M., & Turner, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15566 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
The Changing Role of Family Income and Ability in Determining Educational Achievement
Belley, P., & Lochner, L. (2007) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13527 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Into College, Out of Poverty? Policies to Increase the Postsecondary Attainment of the Poor
Deming, D. J., & Dynarski, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15387 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Bans and Taxes on Passive Smoking
Adda, J., & Cornaglia, F. (2009) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.2.1.1 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Angrist, J. D., Dynarski, S., Kane, T. J., Pathak, P. A., & Walters, C. (2010) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.21647 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citation(2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-5925 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Who Benefits from KIPP?Preprint
Angrist, J. D., Dynarski, S., Kane, T. J., Pathak, P. A., & Walters, C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1842087 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationWhat Have Researchers Learned from Project STAR?
Schanzenbach, D. W. (2006) · Brookings papers on education policy · doi:10.1353/pep.2007.0007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationBarron's Profiles of American Colleges
Series, B. E. (1982) · Barron's Educational Series eBooks · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Would Smaller Classes Help Close the Black-White Achievement Gap?Preprint
Krueger, A. B., & Whitmore, D. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Let's put kids first, finally: getting class size right
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-0424 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Barrow, L., Richburg-Hayes, L., Rouse, C. E., & Brock, T. (2014) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/675229 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Hoxby, C., & Murarka, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Hamermesh, D. S., & Donald, S. G. (2008) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.04.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Deming, D. J., & Dynarski, S. (2010) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226475837.003.0011 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationWord, E. (1990) · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Knowledge, Tests, and Fadeout in Educational Interventions
Cascio, E., & Staiger, D. O. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18038 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Missing Manual: Using National Student Clearinghouse Data to Track Postsecondary Outcomes
Dynarski, S., Hemelt, S. W., & Hyman, J. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19552 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationEvidence from project star about class size and student achievement
Folger, J. K., & Breda, C. S. (1989) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/01619569209538668 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Seftor, N. S., Mamun, A. A., & Schirm, A. L. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Targeting Investments in Children
Levine, P. B., & Zimmerman, D. J. (2010) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226475837.001.0001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
School Choice, School Quality and Postsecondary Attainment
Deming, D. J., Hastings, J., Kane, T. J., & Staiger, D. O. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17438 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
School Choice, School Quality and Postsecondary Attainment. NBER Working Paper No. 17438.
Deming, D. J., Hastings, J., Kane, T. J., & Staiger, D. O. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Knowledge, Tests, and Fadeout in Educational Interventions. NBER Working Paper No. 18038.
Cascio, E., & Staiger, D. O. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., & Rockoff, J. E. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.9.2633 · Cited by 1,717 · see citing works
Long-Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net
Hoynes, H. W., Schanzenbach, D. W., & Almond, D. V. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20130375 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Self-citationDobbie, W., & Fryer, R. G. (2011) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.3.3.158 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
OECD (2020) · Programme for international student assessment/Internationale Schulleistungsstudie · doi:10.1787/ca768d40-en · Cited by 546 · see citing works
School Finance Reform and the Distribution of Student Achievement
Lafortune, J., Rothstein, J., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2018) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20160567 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Long-Run Effects of Disruptive Peers
Carrell, S., Hoekstra, M., & Kuka, E. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20160763 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
The Long-Run Impacts of Same-Race Teachers
Gershenson, S., Hart, C. M. D., Hyman, J., Lindsay, C., & Papageorge, N. (2017) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.3386/w25254 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Parents Value School Effectiveness?
Abdulkadiroğlu, A., Pathak, P. A., Schellenberg, J., & Walters, C. (2020) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20172040 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
The Long-Run Impacts of Same-Race Teachers
Gershenson, S., Hart, C. M. D., Hyman, J., Lindsay, C. A., & Papageorge, N. W. (2022) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20190573 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes Money Matter in the Long Run? Effects of School Spending on Educational Attainment
Hyman, J. (2017) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20150249 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationPapageorge, N. W., Gershenson, S., & Kang, K. M. (2020) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00838 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The Long-Run Impacts of Same-Race TeachersPreprint
Gershenson, S., Hart, C. M. D., Lindsay, C. A., & Papageorge, N. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2940620 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The Effect of Child Health Insurance Access on Schooling: Evidence from Public Insurance Expansions
Cohodes, S., Grossman, D. S., Kleiner, S. A., & Lovenheim, M. (2015) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.51.3.1014-6688r1 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Why Do College-Going Interventions Work?
Carrell, S., & Sacerdote, B. (2017) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20150530 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Endogenous Stratification in Randomized Experiments
Abadie, A., Chingos, M. M., & West, M. R. (2018) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00732 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Experimental Evidence on Distributional Effects of Head Start
Bitler, M., Hoynes, H. W., & Domina, T. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20434 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
OECD (2018) · OECD reviews of school resources · doi:10.1787/9789264306707-en · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Measuring the Impacts of Teachers II: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood
Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., & Rockoff, J. E. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19424 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The Long-Run Impacts of Financial Aid: Evidence from California’s Cal Grant
Bettinger, E., Gurantz, O., Kawano, L., Sacerdote, B., & Stevens, M. (2019) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20170466 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
The Effect of Child Health Insurance Access on Schooling: Evidence from Public Insurance Expansions
Cohodes, S., Grossman, D. S., Kleiner, S. A., & Lovenheim, M. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20178 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Bailey, M. J. (2013) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2013.0001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dynarski, S., Hemelt, S. W., & Hyman, J. (2015) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373715576078 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Self-citationAlternatives to logistic regression models in experimental studies
Huang, F. L. (2019) · The Journal of Experimental Education · doi:10.1080/00220973.2019.1699769 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
School Spending and Student Outcomes: Evidence from Revenue Limit Elections in Wisconsin
Baron, E. J. (2019) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20200226 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Bouwman, R., & Grimmelikhuijsen, S. (2016) · International Journal of Public Sector Management · doi:10.1108/ijpsm-07-2015-0129 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
ACT for All: The Effect of Mandatory College Entrance Exams on Postsecondary Attainment and Choice
Hyman, J. (2016) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00206 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationIntensive College Counseling and the Enrollment and Persistence of Low-Income Students
Castleman, B., & Goodman, J. (2016) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00204 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Distribution of School Spending Impacts
Jackson, C. K., & Mackevicius, C. (2021) · doi:10.3386/w28517 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Breaking the Cycle? Intergenerational Effects of an Antipoverty Program in Early Childhood
Barr, A., & Gibbs, C. R. (2022) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/720764 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Experiments in Public Management Research
Blom‐Hansen, J., Morton, R. B., & Serritzlew, S. (2015) · International Public Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10967494.2015.1024904 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
English Learners and Their Transition to Postsecondary Education
Núñez, A., Rios‐Aguilar, C., Kanno, Y., & Flores, S. M. (2016) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26829-3_2 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Who Needs a Fracking Education? The Educational Response to Low-Skill-Biased Technological Change
Cascio, E., & Narayan, A. (2020) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/0019793920947422 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Jackson, C. K., & Mackevicius, C. L. (2023) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20220279 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
One year of preschool or two: Is it important for adult outcomes?
Arteaga, I. A., Humpage, S. D., Reynolds, A. J., & Temple, J. A. (2013) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.07.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
The Long-Run Effects of Recessions on Education and Income
Stuart, B. A. (2021) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20180055 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
School Finance Reform and the Distribution of Student Achievement
Lafortune, J., Rothstein, J. M., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationWho Needs a Fracking Education? The Educational Response to Low-Skill Biased Technological Change
Cascio, E., & Narayan, A. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21359 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
School Finance Equalization Increases Intergenerational Mobility
Biasi, B. (2022) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/718980 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Weiss, M. J., Ratledge, A., Sommo, C., & Gupta, H. (2019) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20170430 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Long Run Impacts of Childhood Access to the Safety Net
Hoynes, H. W., Schanzenbach, D. W., & Almond, D. V. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18535 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Missing Manual: Using National Student Clearinghouse Data to Track Postsecondary Outcomes
Dynarski, S., Hemelt, S. W., & Hyman, J. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19552 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Parents Value School Effectiveness?
Abdulkadiroğlu, A., Pathak, P. A., Schellenberg, J., & Walters, C. (2017) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w23912 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Experimentally estimated impacts of school vouchers on college enrollment and degree attainment
Chingos, M. M., & Peterson, P. E. (2014) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.11.013 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Relevance of Inequality Research in Sociology for Inequality Reduction
DiPrete, T. A., & Fox‐Williams, B. N. (2021) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231211020199 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Hyman, J. (2019) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22155 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationWatts, T. W. (2020) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858420928985 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Long-Run Impacts of Special Education
Ballis, B., & Heath, K. (2021) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20190603 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Facilitating the Transition to Kindergarten
Little, M., Cohen-Vogel, L., & Curran, F. (2016) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858416655766 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Endogenous Stratification in Randomized Experiments
Abadie, A., Chingos, M. M., & West, M. R. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19742 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
How Much Should We Rely on Student Test Achievement as a Measure of Success?
Goldhaber, D. D., & Özek, U. (2019) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x19874061 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The effects of class size in online college courses: Experimental evidence
Bettinger, E., Doss, C., Loeb, S., Rogers, A., & Taylor, E. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.03.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fuller, S. C., & Ladd, H. F. (2013) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00112 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Early Childhood Education in the United States: What, When, Where, Who, How, and Why
Cascio, E. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28722 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Sabol, T. J., & Pianta, R. C. (2014) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2014.03.004 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Experimental Estimates of the Student Attendance Production Function
Tran, L., & Gershenson, S. (2018) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373720984463 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hemelt, S. W., Ladd, H. F., & Clifton, C. R. (2021) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373721990361 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Lewis, N. A., & Yates, J. F. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691618808515 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Trauma at School: The Impacts of Shootings on Students' Human Capital and Economic Outcomes
Cabral, M., Kim, B., Rossin-Slater, M., Schnell, M., & Schwandt, H. (2020) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.3386/w28311 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Class Size Matters: Heterogeneous Effects of Larger Classes on College Student Learning
Diette, T. M., & Raghav, M. (2014) · Eastern Economic Journal · doi:10.1057/eej.2014.31 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Long Run Impacts of Merit Aid: Evidence from California’s Cal Grant
Bettinger, E., Gurantz, O., Kawano, L., & Sacerdote, B. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22347 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Does Money Still Matter? Attainment and Earnings Effects of Post-1990 School Finance Reforms
Rothstein, J. M., & Schanzenbach, D. W. (2022) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/717934 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE EFFECTS OF SCHOOL VOUCHERS ON COLLEGE ENROLLMENT: Experimental Evidence from New York City
Chingos, M. M., & Peterson, P. E. (2012) · Brookings Institution eBooks · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bettinger, E., & Long, B. T. (2016) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00221 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lee, H., Shores, K., & Williams, E. (2022) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.1080/0161956x.2022.2107369 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Small High Schools and Student Achievement: Lottery-Based Evidence from New York City
Abdulkadiroğlu, A., Hu, W., & Pathak, P. A. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19576 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lavy, V. (2020) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdaa002 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Why Do College Going Interventions Work?
Carrell, S., & Sacerdote, B. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19031 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Biasi, B. (2019) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25600 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Do Smaller Classes Always Improve Students’ Long‐run Outcomes?
Falch, T., Sandsør, A. M. J., & Strøm, B. (2017) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12161 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Estimating effects of school quality using multiple proxies
Bernal, P., Mittag, N., & Qureshi, J. A. (2016) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2016.01.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Papageorge, N., Gershenson, S., & Kang, K. M. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25255 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The role of experimentation in education policy
Sadoff, S. (2014) · Oxford Review of Economic Policy · doi:10.1093/oxrep/grv001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Children's Schooling and Parents' Investment in Children: Evidence from the Head Start Impact Study
Gelber, A., & Isen, A. M. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17704 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bailey, M. J. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19493 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Quantity and quality of childcare and children’s educational outcomes
Blanden, J., Bono, E. D., Hansen, K., & Rabe, B. (2021) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-021-00835-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Finlay, K., Mueller‐Smith, M., & Street, B. (2023) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjad021 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Schanzenbach, D. W. (2014) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationCan you leave high school behind?
Black, S. E., Lincove, J. A., Cullinane, J., & Veron, R. (2015) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2015.02.003 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Value for Money in School Education
OECD (2022) · OECD eBooks · doi:10.1787/f6de8710-en · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The Long-Term Consequences of Free School Choice
Lavy, V. (2021) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1093/jeea/jvab001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zang, E. X., Tan, P. L., & Cook, P. J. (2023) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/724723 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Instrumental Variables: Conceptual Issues and an Application Considering High School Course Taking
Bielby, R. M., House, E., Flaster, A., & DesJardins, S. L. (2013) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5836-0_6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Reviews of National Policies for Education
(2009) · Reviews of National Policies for Education/Reviews of national policies for education · doi:10.1787/19900198 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Student Age and the Collegiate Pathway
Hurwitz, M. D., Smith, J., & Howell, J. S. (2014) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.21783 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
ProPelled: The Effects of Grants on Graduation, Earnings, and Welfare
Denning, J. T., Marx, B., & Turner, L. J. (2017) · doi:10.17848/wp17-280 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Universal Pre-K and College Enrollment: Is There a Link?
Gormley, W. T., Amadon, S., Magnuson, K., Claessens, A., & Hummel‐Price, D. (2023) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584221147893 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Effect of School and Neighborhood Peers on Achievement, Misbehavior, and Adult Crime
Billings, S. B., & Hoekstra, M. (2022) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/720323 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Disruption, learning, and the heterogeneous benefits of smaller classes
McKee, G., Sims, K. R. E., & Rivkin, S. G. (2014) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-014-0810-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Education at a Glance 2019 (Summary in Spanish)
OECD (2019) · Education at a glance. OECD indicators/Education at a glance · doi:10.1787/f6dc8198-es · Cited by 18 · see citing works
You Can't Handle the Truth: The Effects of the Post-9/11 Gi Bill on Higher Education and Earnings
Barr, A., Kawano, L., Sacerdote, B., Skimmyhorn, W., & Stevens, M. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3889130 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
A Promise Kept? The Impact of the El Dorado Promise Scholarship on Student Achievement
Ash, J., Swanson, E., & Ritter, G. (2021) · Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis · doi:10.3102/0162373720970512 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lavy, V. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20983 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Knight, D. S., Landry, S. H., Zucker, T. A., Merz, E. C., Guttentag, C. L., & Taylor, H. B. (2019) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.22145 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Xiong, Y., Schunn, C. D., & Wu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12861 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Educational outcomes: A literature review of policy drivers from a macroeconomic perspective
Šmídová, Z. (2019) · OECD Economics Department working papers · doi:10.1787/990801aa-en · Cited by 12 · see citing works
(2018) · Human Rights Documents online · doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9985-2015022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Student Aid Simplification: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
Dynarski, S., & Wiederspan, M. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17834 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation(2019) · International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering · doi:10.35940/ijitee.a9161.119119 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bressoux, P., Lima, L., & Monseur, C. (2019) · International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1016/j.ijer.2018.10.006 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Martínez, D. G., & Spikes, D. D. (2020) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904820917370 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dynarski, S., Hyman, J., & Schanzenbach, D. W.
- Affiliations
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Policy Analysis and Management
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-07-26
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 692-717
- ISSN
- 0276-8739 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6688
- OpenAlex
- W2114256915
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 80.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Yale University
- Vanderbilt University
- Princeton University
- Tennessee Department of Education
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- early childhood investment, class size, small class size, college enrollment, graduation, college choice, Project STAR, Black students, low-income students, STEM fields, test scores, elementary school, postsecondary attainment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
