Childhood maltreatment and personality disorders in the USA: Specificity of effects and the impact of gender
Open accessAbstract
Childhood maltreatment increases the risk for adult personality disorders (PDs), but several PDs or maltreatment types co‐occur. Specificity of maltreatment–personality associations is poorly understood. Using a representative US population sample, we identified specific associations between maltreatment types (sexual, physical and emotional abuse and physical and emotional neglect) and PDs after controlling for basic demographics, parental psychopathology, co‐occurring maltreatment types and comorbid PD. We then examined interactions of gender and maltreatment in predicting PDs. Each maltreatment type significantly predicted three–four PDs. Borderline and schizotypal PDs were most strongly predicted by sexual abuse, antisocial by physical abuse and avoidant and schizoid by emotional neglect. Specific vulnerabilities differ by gender; maltreated boys may respond with attention seeking and girls with social withdrawal. Findings highlight the importance of evaluating all forms of maltreatment even when they co‐occur and can inform development of interventions to prevent personality pathology in at‐risk children. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cumulative maltreatment increases the risk of Cluster A and B personality disorders.
“These findings are in line with previous work indicating that cumulative maltreatment increases the risk of Cluster A and B personality disorders [11, 12], and that specific forms of neglect and abuse contribute to the development of maladaptive personality traits [10].”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Accumulation of various forms of maltreatment raised the likelihood of developing antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.
“In a nationwide study [11], the accumulation of various forms of maltreatment raised the likelihood of developing antisocial, avoidant, borderline, narcissistic, paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders.”
From The link of adverse childhood experiences and attachment to maladaptive personality traits in adults diagnosed with substance use disorder (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries
Gilbert, R., Widom, C. S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., & Janson, S. (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61706-7 · Cited by 3,876 · see citing works
Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806 · see citing works
Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an Adolescent Psychiatric Population
BERNSTEIN, D. P., AHLUVALIA, T., POGGE, D., & HANDELSMAN, L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199703000-00012 · Cited by 1,574 · see citing works
Calculating measures of biological interaction
Andersson, T., Alfredsson, L., Källberg, H., Zdravkovic, S., & Ahlbom, A. (2005) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-005-7835-x · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Giesen-Bloo, J., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van Tilburg, W., Dirksen, C., van Asselt, T., Kremers, I., Nadort, M., & Arntz, A. (2006) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.63.6.649 · Cited by 1,248 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Dawson, D. A., Stinson, F. S., Chou, P. S., Kay, W., & Pickering, R. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00070-x · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
Self-citationCloître, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,099 · see citing works
Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R., & Han, H. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.5.1067 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040539 · Cited by 961 · see citing works
Adverse childhood experiences and mental health in young adults: a longitudinal survey
Schilling, E. A., Aseltine, R. H., & Gore, S. L. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-30 · Cited by 930 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder
Leichsenring, F., Leibing, E., Kruse, J., New, A. S., & Leweke, F. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61422-5 · Cited by 895 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n0711 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnosing Personality Disorders
Zimmerman, M. A. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950030061006 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder
Lynch, T. R., Trost, W. T., Salsman, N., & Linehan, M. M. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095229 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Dutton, M. A. (2008) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006 · Cited by 685 · see citing works
Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents
Silverman, W. K., Pina, A. A., & Viswesvaran, C. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410701817907 · Cited by 660 · see citing works
Trull, T. J., Jahng, S., Tomko, R. L., Wood, P. K., & Sher, K. J. (2010) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.4.412 · Cited by 651 · see citing works
Ruan, W. J., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Smith, S. M., Saha, T. D., Pickering, R. P., Dawson, D. A., Huang, B., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.001 · Cited by 557 · see citing works
Self-citationTesting hypotheses on specific environmental causal effects on behavior.
Rutter, M. L., Pickles, A. R., Murray, R. M., & Eaves, L. J. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.3.291 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Afifi, T. O., Mather, A., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., Enns, M. W., MacMillan, H., & Sareen, J. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.11.008 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Lobbestael, J., Arntz, A., & Bernstein, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2010.24.3.285 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Abuse and Neglect in Childhood: Relationship to Personality Disorder Diagnoses
Bierer, L. M., Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Mitropoulou, V., New, A. S., Silverman, J. M., & Siever, L. J. (2003) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900019118 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Memories of Childhood Neglect and Abuse: Corroboration in a Series of Sisters
Bifulco, A. T., Brown, G. W., Lillie, A., & Jarvis, J. (1997) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01520.x · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., & Paris, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2009.23.5.433 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Predicting personality pathology among adult patients with substance use disorders
Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., & Handelsman, L. (1998) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(98)00072-0 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Buu, A., DiPiazza, C., Wang, J., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2009.70.489 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Black, D. W., Gunter, T., Loveless, P., Allen, J., & Sieleni, B. (2010) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371002200206 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Fräser, M. W., Galinsky, M. J., Smokowski, P. R., Day, S. H., Terzian, M., Rose, R. A., & Guo, S. (2005) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.6.1045 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Robins, L. N., Schoenberg, S. P., Holmes, S. J., Ratcliff, K. S., Benham, A., & Works, J. (1985) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb03419.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., & Ruan, W. J. (2004) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.07.019 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationBiologic Synergism and Parallelism
Darroch, J. N. (1997) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009164 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Community-Based Prevention Programs for Anxiety and Depression in Youth: A Systematic Review
Christensen, H., Pallister, E., Smale, S., Hickie, I. B., & Calear, A. L. (2010) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-010-0214-8 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Wicks, S., Hjern, A., & Dalman, C. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09010114 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chen, H., Cohen, P. R., Crawford, T. N., Kasen, S., Guan, B., & Gorden, K. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004182 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hasin, D. S., & Grant, B. F. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1088-0 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Self-citationTaillieu, T., Brownridge, D. A., Sareen, J., & Afifi, T. O. (2016) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.005 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Daigre, C., Rodríguez-Cintas, L., Tarifa, N., Rodríguez-Martos, L., Grau‐López, L., Berenguer, M., Casas, M., & Roncero, C. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.08.008 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Linking childhood emotional abuse and adult depressive symptoms: The role of mentalizing incapacity
Li, E. T., Carracher, E., & Bird, T. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104253 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
State-Dependent Cross-Brain Information Flow in Borderline Personality Disorder
Bilek, E., Stößel, G., Schäfer, A., Clement, L., Ruf, M., Robnik, L., Neukel, C., Tost, H., Kirsch, P., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.1682 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Dugal, C., Bigras, N., Godbout, N., & Bélanger, C. (2016) · A Multidimensional Approach to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder - from Theory to Practice · doi:10.5772/64476 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Brown, S., Fite, P. J., Stone, K. J., Richey, A., & Bortolato, M. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000279 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Related Personality Disorders Located within an Elaborated Externalizing Psychopathology Spectrum
Bach, M. S. B., & Huxley, E. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119092254.ch7 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Gander, M., Buchheim, A., Bock, A., Steppan, M., Sevecke, K., & Goth, K. (2020) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2020_34_468 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Zhang, J., & Zheng, Y. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.063 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Childhood Maltreatment, Stressful Life Events, and Alcohol Craving in Adult Drinkers
Kim, J. H., Martins, S. S., Shmulewitz, D., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Wall, M. M., Keyes, K. M., Eaton, N. R., Krueger, R. F., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D. S. (2014) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.12473 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationYuan, Y., Lee, H., Eack, S. M., & Newhill, C. E. (2023) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2023.37.1.16 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Labudda, K., Frauenheim, M. T., Illies, D., Miller, I., Schrecke, M., Vietmeier, N., Brandt, C., & Bien, C. G. (2018) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.08.027 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Hock, R. S., Bryce, C. P., Fischer, L. K., First, M. B., Fitzmaurice, G. M., Costa, P. T., & Galler, J. R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.085 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Choice, deliberation, violence: Mental capacity and criminal responsibility in personality disorder
Pickard, H. (2015) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.04.008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Severe childhood trauma and clinical and neurocognitive features in schizotypal personality disorder
Velikonja, T., Velthorst, E., McClure, M. M., Rutter, S., Calabrese, W. R., Rosell, D., Koenigsberg, H. W., Goodman, M., New, A. S., Hazlett, E. A., et al. (2019) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13032 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kerber, A., Gewehr, E., Zimmermann, J., Sachser, C., Fegert, J. M., Knaevelsrud, C., & Spitzer, C. (2023) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1578 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Childhood abuse v. neglect and risk for major psychiatric disorders
Alkema, A., Marchi, M., van der Zaag, J., van der Sluis, D., Warrier, V., Genetic Risk and Outcome of Psychosis (GROUP) Investigators, Ophoff, R. A., Kahn, R. S., Cahn, W., Hovens, J. G. F. M., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723003471 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Sexuality‐related issues in borderline personality disorder: A comprehensive review
Frías, Á., Palma, C., Farriols, N., & González, L. (2016) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1330 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Frías, Á., Palma, C., Farriols, N., Gonzalez, L., & Horta, A. (2016) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1348 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Annor, F. B., Chiang, L. F., Oluoch, P. R., Mang'oli, V., Mogaka, M., Mwangi, M., Ngunjiri, A. S. W., Obare, F., Achia, T., Patel, P., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00457-5 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
der Ree, L. Y. M.-V., Eikelenboom, M., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Thomaes, K., & van Marle, H. J. F. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12040105 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Clemens, V., Fegert, J. M., & Allroggen, M. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105545 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Welsh, M. C., Peterson, E., & Jameson, M. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01091 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Complex Trauma: Missed and Misdiagnosis in Forensic Evaluations
Bailey, T. D., & Brown, L. S. (2020) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-020-09383-w · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Characteristics, experiences, and mental health of children who re-enter foster care
Finster, H. P., & Norwalk, K. E. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106165 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gender differences in delinquency at 21 years following childhood maltreatment: A birth cohort study
Abajobir, A. A., Kisely, S. R., Williams, G. M., Strathearn, L., Clavarino, A. M., & Najman, J. M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Utzinger, L. M., Haukebo, J. E., Simonich, H. K., Wonderlich, S. A., Cao, L., Lavender, J. M., Mitchell, J. E., Engel, S. G., & Crosby, R. D. (2016) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22532 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Research in Clinical Psychology: Social Exclusion and Psychological Disorders
Fung, K., Xu, C., Glazier, B. L., Parsons, C. A., & Alden, L. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-33033-4_8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Krvavac, S., & Jansson, B. (2021) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2021.100213 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Scheffers, F., van Vugt, E., Lanctôt, N., & Lemieux, A. (2019) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.03.022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Crișan, Ş., Stoia, M., Predescu, E., Miu, A. C., & Szentágotai‐Tătar, A. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2856 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Labudda, K., Illies, D., Herzig, C., Schröder, K., Bien, C. G., & Neuner, F. (2017) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.06.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Specific type of childhood trauma and borderline personality disorder in Chinese patients
Wu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, J., & Zhang, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.936739 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hemmati, A., Newton‐Howes, G., Falahi, S., Mostafavi, S., Colarusso, C. A., & Komasi, S. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/0253717620928813 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
van Vugt, E., Lanctôt, N., & Lemieux, A. (2016) · Criminal Justice and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0093854815624513 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Childhood abuse and neglect and profiles of adult emotion dynamics
Myroniuk, S., Reitsema, A. M., de Jonge, P., & Jeronimus, B. F. (2024) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579423001530 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Repercusiones del trauma en la infancia en la psicopatología de la vida adulta
Waikamp, V., & Serralta, F. B. (2018) · Ciencias Psicológicas · doi:10.22235/cp.v12i1.1603 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Annor, F., Gilbert, L. K., Davila, E., Massetti, G. M., Kress, H. C., Onotu, D., & Ogbanufe, O. (2020) · International Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104510 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Psychopathy in Italian female murderers
Carabellese, F., Felthous, A. R., Mandarelli, G., Montalbò, D., Tegola, D. L., Rossetto, I., Franconi, F., & Catanesi, R. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2430 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Dieter Wolke, C., Baumann, N., Jaekel, J., Pyhälä, R., Heinonen, K., Räikkönen, K., Sorg, C., & Bilgin, A. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13742 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-Harm as Violence: When Victim and Perpetrator Are One
Pickard, H. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137015129_5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Borderline personality disorder and polycystic ovary syndrome: A review of the literature
Tan, R., Grigg, J., & Kulkarni, J. (2017) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0004867417730650 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Chen, J., Wang, D., Fan, F., Fu, F., Wei, D., Tang, S., Tian, Y., Du, Y., Zhu, R., Li, Y., et al. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.018 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mertens, Y. L., Yılmaz, M., & Lobbestael, J. (2020) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104445 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yuan, Y., Lee, H., Newhill, C. E., Eack, S. M., Fusco, R. A., & Scott, L. N. (2023) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-023-00210-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessment of Temper Tantrums Behaviour Among Preschool Children in Jordan
Salameh, A. B., Malak, M. Z., Al-Amer, R. M., Omari, O. A., El‐hneiti, M., & Sharour, L. M. A. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2021.02.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
A treatise on secondary psychopathy: Psychobiological pathways to severe antisociality
Yildirim, B. O. (2016) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2016.09.004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Choi, J.-Y., & Park, S. (2018) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2017_31_282 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mazer, A. K., Macedo, B. B. D., & Juruena, M. F. (2017) · Medicina (Ribeirão Preto) · doi:10.11606/issn.2176-7262.v50isupl1.p85-97 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Associations between gender-based violence and personality disorders in U.S. Women.
Walsh, K., Hasin, D. S., Keyes, K. M., & Koenen, K. C. (2015) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000158 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCavelti, M., Sharp, C., Chanen, A. M., & Kaess, M. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12618 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Childhood Maltreatment, Personality Pathology, and Intimate Partner Aggression
South, S. C., Boudreaux, M. J., & Oltmanns, T. F. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221076164 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wong, R. S. M., Tung, K. T. S., Ho, F. K. W., Lee, T. M. C., Chan, K. L., Bacon‐Shone, J., Coghill, D., Man, K. K. C., Sham, P. C., Wong, W. H. S., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-01986-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Podubinski, T., Lee, S. J., Hollander, Y., & Daffern, M. (2015) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1074634 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Developmental Course of Personality Disorder Traits in Childhood and Adolescence
Hamlat, E. J., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_433 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Tanaka, Y., Ishitobi, Y., Inoue, A., Oshita, H., Okamoto, K., Kawashima, C., Nakanishi, M., Aizawa, S., Masuda, K., Maruyama, Y., et al. (2016) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.506 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Link between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Five Factor Model Traits among Filipinos
Reyes, M. E. S., Davis, R. D., Buac, K. M., Dumaguing, L. I. B., Lapidez, E. D. L., Pangilinan, C. A., Sy, W. P., & Ubaldo, J. S. (2018) · IAFOR Journal of Psychology & the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.22492/ijpbs.4.2.06 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Malafanti, A., Yotsidi, V., Sideridis, G., Giannouli, E., Galanaki, E. P., & Malogiannis, I. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104181 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Many Faces of Child Emotional Maltreatment
Rokach, A., & Chan, S. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry Research Reviews & Reports · doi:10.47363/jpsrr/2021(3)127 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Interviewing people given a diagnosis of personality disorder in forensic settings
Willmot, P., & Evershed, S. (2018) · International Journal of Forensic Mental Health · doi:10.1080/14999013.2018.1508097 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kealy, D., Doorn, K. A., Ehrenthal, J. C., Weber, R. K., Ogrodniczuk, J. S., & Joyce, A. S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2427 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kühner, C., de Waal, M. M., Steenkamp, L. R., van Zwol, I., Goudriaan, A. E., & Thomaes, K. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2491172 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Balzen, K. M., Sharp, C., Unzurruzaga, E., Eguren, A., & Pérez, L. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.2478/sjcapp-2024-0012 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Fernando, S. K., Quinlan, E., & Paparo, J. (2024) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2024.2415953 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The 2017–2018 Psi Chi Presidential Initiative: Help Helped Me
Landrum, R. E. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
New Developments in Interventions for Working With Offending Behavior
Jones, L. F. (2019) · doi:10.1002/9781119139980.ch42 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Child Maltreatment and Psychopathy
Schimmenti, A., Carabellese, F., & Caretti, V. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119159322.ch18 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Migalova, E., Furstova, J., Hasto, J., Tavel, P., & Kascakova, N. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03331-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Influence of Betrayal Trauma on Schizoid Personality Pathology
Newcomb, K. M., Froehlich, M., & Yalch, M. M. (2024) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2024.2323972 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-harm as violence: when victim and perpetrator are one
Pickard, H. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan Wellcome Trust Wellcome Trust Wellcome Trust eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137602688 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Childhood Maltreatment and Borderline Personality Disorder
Salavati, M., & Selby, E. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75503-3_4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ménard, K. S., & Pincus, A. L. (2022) · Violence and Victims · doi:10.1891/vv-2021-0030 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Motley, L. S. (2016) · CSUSB ScholarWorks (California State University, San Bernardino) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Link of Childhood Abuse and Personality Pathology
Sun, Y. (2023) · Journal of Education Humanities and Social Sciences · doi:10.54097/ehss.v8i.4245 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Influence of Childhood Maltreatment on Schizoid Personality Pathology
Stone, S. N., Newcomb, K. M., & Yalch, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2481034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The Effect of Insecure Attachment on the Development of Borderline Personality Disorder
周, 威. (2019) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2019.93078 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, M., Tang, T., He, Y., Tong, Y., Yuan, M., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, G., & Su, P. (2024) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2024.102261 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jakšić, N., Filipčić, I. Š., Šagud, M., Grubišin, J., Madžarac, Z., Podolski, E., Vuksan‐Ćusa, B., Filipčić, I., & Marčinko, D. (2026) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-026-10279-2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Molinari, R. C., & Lobbestael, J. (2018) · Psychosomatik im Zentrum · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-56619-0_2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Building Resilience: The Invisible Childhood Emotional Neglect
Mbutitia, F. N., & Adeli, S. (2020) · Children and Teenagers · doi:10.22158/ct.v3n2p93 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Rokach, A., & Clayton, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85853-3.00001-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Navigating temper tantrums in restrictive mediation: Insight from practitioners
Pratiwi, H. P., Koenarso, D. A. P., & Yarliani, I. (2023) · Insight Jurnal Ilmiah Psikologi · doi:10.26486/psikologi.v25i1.3304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Childhood Adverse Events and Adult Physical and Mental Health: A National Study
Rosinski, A., Weiss, R. A., & Clatch, L. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.40 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kramer, A. L., & Volkom, M. V. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.51 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The GRE Psychology Subject Test: Advising Implications of a Faded Criterion for Graduate Admissions
Morgan, B. L. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.4
Sugar, Spice, and Everything Nice: Food Flavors, Attraction, and Romantic Interest
Miska, J., Hemmesch, A. R., & Buswell, B. N. (2018) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn23.1.7
Childhood Adverse Experiences and Personality Disorders in Outpatients with Addiction
Atti, A. R., Speciani, M., Cerrato, F., Casadio, P., Olivoni, D., Scudellari, P., Valente, S., & Ronchi, D. D. (2020) · International Journal of Psychiatry Research · doi:10.33425/2641-4317.1060
Family relationships and personality disorder functioning styles in paranoid schizophrenia
Jiang, M., Shao, X., Zhang, Y., Yan, Y., Hu, Y., Chen, H., Fan, H., & Wang, W. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.109844
Sexual Physical Abuse in Personality Disorder: Menderes Personality Disorder Research Results
(2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd.2019.44265
Jones, L., Dewar, C., Linturn, S., Tracy, T., Shingler, J., Kebbell, M. R., Cawthorn, E., Carter, L., Cajada, L., Douglas, K. S., et al. (2016) · Forensic Update · doi:10.53841/bpsfu.2016.1.122.3
Emergence of an Abnormal Personality
Bennett, M. R. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2803-9_4
(2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21835-4.00116-5
Influence of childhood maltreatment on malignant self-regard
Barbera, E. R., Ceroni, D. B., Peters, W., & Yalch, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Family Trauma Child Custody & Child Development · doi:10.1080/26904586.2025.2575340
Sex Differences in the Influence of Childhood Maltreatment on Paranoid Personality Pathology
Stone, S. N., & Yalch, M. M. (2025) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2026.2627568
Alghamdi, S. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1775098
- Authors
- Waxman, R., Fenton, M. C., Skodol, A. E., Grant, B. F., & Hasin, D.
- Affiliations
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hasin, Deborah
- ORCID
- Hasin, Deborah
- Venue
- Personality and Mental Health
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-08-29
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-41
- ISSN
- 1932-8621 (ISSN-L)
- 1932-863X
- PMC
- PMC3927226
- OpenAlex
- W1538720843
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Personality and Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U01AA018111, K05AA014223)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Keywords
- child abuse, personality disorders, sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, gender differences, borderline personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, parental psychopathology, comorbidities, attention seeking, social withdrawal
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Abuse, Female, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
